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non ne ho la minima idea

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1 non avere la benché minima idea

non avere la benché minima idea

not to have the faintest o slightest idea, to have no idea whatever.

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→ benché

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > non avere la benché minima idea
2 idea

f idea

( opinione) opinion

idea fissa obsession, idée fixe

cambiare idea change one's mind

non avere la minima idea di qualcosa not have the slightest idea about something

scambio m di idee exchange of views

neanche per idea! of course not!

* * *

idea s.f.

1 idea: l'idea del bene, del male, the idea of good, of evil; il mondo delle idee, the world of ideas; avere le idee chiare, confuse, to have clear, confused ideas; all'idea di dover rifare tutto il lavoro, mi sento morire!, just the thought of having to re-do all the work makes me feel sick; è pieno di idee, he is full of ideas; mi è venuta un'idea, I have got an idea; la tua idea di venirmi a trovare è stata veramente felice, your idea of coming to see me was really a happy one; non ne ho la minima idea, I haven't the faintest (o slightest) idea; non avevo idea che se la sarebbe presa tanto, I had no idea he would be so touchy about it // per associazione di idee, by an association of ideas // ''Mi aiuti?'' ''Neanche per idea!'', ''Will you help me?'' ''Not on your life!'' // idea geniale, luminosa, a brilliant idea (o a brainwave) // che idea!, what an idea! // ho reso l'idea?, have I made myself clear? (o do you get the idea?)

2 (opinione) idea, opinion; mind: siamo tutti della stessa idea, we are all of one mind; cambiare idea, to change one's mind; ho le mie idee in merito, I have my own ideas on the subject; farsi un'idea di, su qlco., qlcu., to form (o to get) an idea of (o about) sthg., s.o.; si è fatto l'idea di essermi antipatico, he's got hold of the idea that I don't like him; che idea ti sei fatto di questo lavoro?, what's your impression of the job?; non puoi neppure fartene un'idea, you can't begin to imagine it; ho idea che non verrà, I have an idea he won't come

3 (intenzione) mind, intention: ho idea di prendermi, che mi prenderò una lunga vacanza, I think I'll take a long holiday; non ho la minima idea di farlo, I haven't the slightest intention of doing that; avere una mezza idea di fare qlco., to have half a mind to do sthg.

4 (ideale) ideal: molti sono morti per un'idea, many have sacrificed their lives (o have died) for an ideal

5 (fam.) (un po') hint: mettici un'idea di brandy, add just a hint of brandy; abbondante olio, un po' di prezzemolo e un'idea di aglio, plenty of oil, a little parsley and just a hint of garlic.

* * *
[i'dɛa]
sostantivo femminile

1) idea

che idea! — what an idea!

mi è venuta un'idea — I've had an idea

non avere idea del perché, di come — to have no idea why, how

non ne è ho la minima o più pallida idea I haven't the faintest idea; avere una mezza idea di fare qcs. colloq. to have a good o half a mind to do sth.; abbandonare l'idea di fare to change one's mind about doing; avere le -e chiare to have a clear head, to think clearly; mettere un'idea in testa a qcn. — to put an idea into sb.'s head

2) (opinione) idea, opinion, mind, thought

essere dell'idea che — to think that

avere idea che — to think that

farsi un'idea di qcs. — to gain an insight into sth., to get the picture of sth.

cambiare idea — to change one's mind

avere -e di sinistra, di destra — to have left-wing, right-wing tendencies

3) (quantità minima)

aggiungere un'idea di sale — to add a hint of salt

4) (ideale)

l'idea europea — the European ideal

5) (rappresentazione astratta)

l'idea di giustizia, del bello — the idea of justice, beauty

••

avere un'idea fissa — to have a bee in one's bonnet, to have a fixation

* * *

idea

/i'dεa/

sostantivo f.

1 idea; che idea! what an idea! mi è venuta un'idea I've had an idea; non avere idea del perché, di come to have no idea why, how; non ne è ho la minima o più pallida idea I haven't the faintest idea; avere una mezza idea di fare qcs. colloq. to have a good o half a mind to do sth.; abbandonare l'idea di fare to change one's mind about doing; avere le -e chiare to have a clear head, to think clearly; mettere un'idea in testa a qcn. to put an idea into sb.'s head

2 (opinione) idea, opinion, mind, thought; essere dell'idea che to think that; avere idea che to think that; farsi un'idea di qcs. to gain an insight into sth., to get the picture of sth.; cambiare idea to change one's mind; avere -e di sinistra, di destra to have left-wing, right-wing tendencies

3 (quantità minima) aggiungere un'idea di sale to add a hint of salt

4 (ideale) l'idea europea the European ideal

5 (rappresentazione astratta) l'idea di giustizia, del bello the idea of justice, beauty

IDIOMS

avere un'idea fissa to have a bee in one's bonnet, to have a fixation.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > idea
3 idea sf

[i'dɛa]
1) (gen) idea

non ne ho la minima o più pallida idea — I haven't the faintest o foggiest idea

farsi un'idea di qc — to get an idea of sth

non hai idea di quanto sia difficile — you have no idea how difficult it is

non hai idea del traffico che c'era — you've no idea how much traffic there was

un'idea geniale — a brilliant o clever idea

chissà che idea gli è saltata in mente adesso? — who knows what idea he may have got into his head now?

tremo solo all'idea che possa venire — just the thought that he might come is enough to terrify me

ho idea che... — I have an idea o a feeling that...

nemmeno neanche o neppure per idea! — not on your life!, certainly not!, no way!

pensi di andarci? — neanche per idea! — are you thinking of going? — no way!

dare l'idea di — to seem, look like

idea fissa — obsession

2) (opinione) opinion, view

avere le idee chiare — to know one's mind

cambiare idea — to change one's mind

ho cambiato idea — I've changed my mind

essere dell'idea (che) — to be of the opinion (that), think (that)

3)

(intenzione) avere una mezza idea di fare qc — to have half a mind to do sth

la mia idea era di andare al cinema — I had thought of going to the pictures

4) (ideale) ideal

l'idea del bello/della pace — the ideal of beauty/of peace

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > idea sf
4 idea

sf [i'dɛa]
1) (gen) idea

non ne ho la minima o più pallida idea — I haven't the faintest o foggiest idea

farsi un'idea di qc — to get an idea of sth

non hai idea di quanto sia difficile — you have no idea how difficult it is

non hai idea del traffico che c'era — you've no idea how much traffic there was

un'idea geniale — a brilliant o clever idea

chissà che idea gli è saltata in mente adesso? — who knows what idea he may have got into his head now?

tremo solo all'idea che possa venire — just the thought that he might come is enough to terrify me

ho idea che... — I have an idea o a feeling that...

nemmeno neanche o neppure per idea! — not on your life!, certainly not!, no way!

pensi di andarci? — neanche per idea! — are you thinking of going? — no way!

dare l'idea di — to seem, look like

idea fissa — obsession

2) (opinione) opinion, view

avere le idee chiare — to know one's mind

cambiare idea — to change one's mind

ho cambiato idea — I've changed my mind

essere dell'idea (che) — to be of the opinion (that), think (that)

3)

(intenzione) avere una mezza idea di fare qc — to have half a mind to do sth

la mia idea era di andare al cinema — I had thought of going to the pictures

4) (ideale) ideal

l'idea del bello/della pace — the ideal of beauty/of peace

Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > idea
5 non ne è ho la minima o più pallida idea

non ne è ho la minima o più pallida idea

I haven't the faintest idea

\

→ idea

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > non ne è ho la minima o più pallida idea
6 minimo

1. adj least, slightest

prezzo, offerta lowest

salario, temperatura minimum

2. m minimum

come minimo, dovresti... you should at least...

* * *

minimo agg.superl.rel.

1 (il più piccolo) the least (o the slightest o the smallest); minimum (attr.); (il più basso) the lowest: senza la minima cura, without the least (o the slightest) care; non ho il (benché) minimo dubbio, I haven't the slightest (o the least o the smallest) doubt; anche il minimo errore sarebbe stato fatale, even the slightest mistake would have proved fatal; la quantità minima, the minimum (o the smallest) quantity; la temperatura minima, the minimum (o the lowest) temperature; ha ottenuto il punteggio minimo, he got the minimum score (o the lowest possible score); il livello minimo di un fiume, the lowest level of a river; procedere alla minima velocità, to go at the minimum speed (o at the lowest speed possible); l'altitudine, la densità, la larghezza minima, the minimum height, density, width; senza il minimo sforzo, la minima esitazione, without the least (o the slightest) effort, hesitation; non avevo la minima intenzione di cedere, I hadn't the slightest intention of giving up // non hanno la minima fiducia in lui, they have no confidence (whatever) in him

2 (mat.) the lowest, smallest, simplest: il minimo comune multiplo, the lowest common multiple; ridurre una frazione ai minimi termini, to reduce a fraction to its lowest (o smallest) terms; ridurre una questione ai minimi termini, to reduce a matter to its simplest terms

3 (piccolissimo) very small; very slight; minimal; (bassissimo) very low: un prezzo minimo, a very low price; una quantità minima, a very small quantity; la differenza è minima, the difference is very slight; le speranze di trovare altri superstiti erano minime, hopes of finding any other survivors were minimal

◆ s.m.

1 minimum*: il minimo d'età prescritto per essere ammessi è..., the minimum age for admission is...; il minimo di paga, the minimum wages; gli fu applicato il minimo della pena, he was given the minimum sentence; ridurre le spese al minimo, to reduce expenses to a minimum; le quotazioni hanno toccato il minimo, quotations have dropped to a minimum // ( Borsa) minimo storico, an all-time low // al minimo, (per lo meno) at least (o at the very least); ci vuole al minimo un'ora di macchina, it will take an hour by car at least (o at the very least) // non ha un minimo di buon senso, he hasn't an ounce of sense // con un minimo di fortuna, with a (little) bit of luck

2 (di motore) bottom gear; idling: (aer.) minimo di avvicinamento, approach idling; (aer.) minimo di volo, flight idling; (aut.) girare al minimo, to tick over (o to idle)

3 (la minima cosa) the least: era il minimo che potessi fare, it was the least I could do.

* * *
['minimo] minimo (-a)
1. agg

(il più piccolo) least, slightest, (piccolissimo) very small, slight, (il più basso) lowest, minimum

la temperatura minima — the minimum temperature

a un costo minimo — at a minimal cost

non c'è la minima differenza — there isn't the slightest difference

la differenza è minima — the difference is minimal o very small o slight, there's hardly any difference

non c'è stato il minimo cambiamento — there hasn't been the slightest change

il prezzo minimo è 100 euro — the lowest o minimum price is 100 euros

gli effetti collaterali della medicina sono minimi — the drug's side effects are minimal

non ne ho la minima idea — I haven't the slightest idea

ridurre una frazione ai minimi termini Mat — to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms

queste scarpe sono ridotte ai minimi termini — (fig : molto consumate) these shoes are completely worn out

2. sm

1) minimum

è il minimo che tu possa fare — it's the least you can do

non ha un minimo di comprensione — he is totally lacking in understanding

gli hanno dato il minimo della pena — they gave him the minimum sentence

come minimo avrebbe potuto dirmelo — he could at least have told me

il minimo indispensabile — the bare minimum

2) Auto

girare al minimo — to idle

questo motore ha il minimo basso — this engine has a low idling speed

* * *
['minimo] 1.
aggettivo

1) (il più piccolo) (the) smallest, (the) least; (il più basso) (the) lowest; [velocità, temperatura] minimum

2) (in costrutti negativi: nessuno, alcuno)

non ne ho la (benché) -a idea — I have no idea what(so)ever, I haven't the least o faintest o slightest idea

senza il minimo dubbio — without the slightest doubt

non ha la -a importanza — it doesn't matter in the least

3) (piccolissimo) [quantità, variazione] very small, minute; [ rischio] slight, minimal; [cambiamento, esitazione, possibilità, speranza] slight; [ somiglianza] remote, slight; [ differenza] minimal, negligible

un prezzo minimo — a very low price

nei -i dettagli — in great o minute detail

4) (al più basso livello necessario) [età, durata, salario] minimum

una pena -a di 20 anni — a minimum of 20 years

5) mat.

minimo comun denominatore — lowest common denominator

minimo comune multiplo — lowest common multiple
2.
sostantivo maschile

1) (la parte, quantità più piccola) minimum*

era il minimo che potessi fare — it was the least I could do

non ha un minimo di buonsenso — he is sadly lacking in sense

un minimo d'iniziativa! — an ounce of initiative!

tenere, ridurre al minimo — to keep, reduce to a o to the minimum

essere al minimo storico — to be at an all-time low

2) aut.

girare al minimo — [ motore] to idle

motore che tiene bene il minimo — engine that ticks over BE o idles well

3) come minimo at (the very) least

costerà come minimo 20 euro — it will cost a minimum of o at least 20 euros

* * *

minimo

/'minimo/

I aggettivo

1 (il più piccolo) (the) smallest, (the) least; (il più basso) (the) lowest; [velocità, temperatura] minimum

2 (in costrutti negativi: nessuno, alcuno) non ne ho la (benché) -a idea I have no idea what(so)ever, I haven't the least o faintest o slightest idea; senza il minimo dubbio without the slightest doubt; non ha la -a importanza it doesn't matter in the least

3 (piccolissimo) [quantità, variazione] very small, minute; [ rischio] slight, minimal; [cambiamento, esitazione, possibilità, speranza] slight; [ somiglianza] remote, slight; [ differenza] minimal, negligible; un prezzo minimo a very low price; nei -i dettagli in great o minute detail

4 (al più basso livello necessario) [età, durata, salario] minimum; una pena -a di 20 anni a minimum of 20 years

5 mat. minimo comun denominatore lowest common denominator; minimo comune multiplo lowest common multiple

II sostantivo maschile

1 (la parte, quantità più piccola) minimum*; era il minimo che potessi fare it was the least I could do; non ha un minimo di buonsenso he is sadly lacking in sense; un minimo d'iniziativa! an ounce of initiative! tenere, ridurre al minimo to keep, reduce to a o to the minimum; essere al minimo storico to be at an all-time low

2 aut. girare al minimo [ motore] to idle; motore che tiene bene il minimo engine that ticks over BE o idles well

3 come minimo at (the very) least; costerà come minimo 20 euro it will cost a minimum of o at least 20 euros.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > minimo
7 benché

though, although

* * *

benché cong. ( sebbene) although, though; ( per quanto) however: benché fosse ricca, non era felice, though she was rich, she wasn't happy; benché facessi ogni sforzo, non riuscivo a capire, I couldn't understand, however hard I tried; benché ammalato, continuava a lavorare, although he was ill, he went on working.

* * *
[ben'ke]
congiunzione although, (even) though

••

non avere la benché minima idea — not to have the faintest o slightest idea, to have no idea whatever

* * *

benché

/ben'ke/

congiunzione

although, (even) though

\

IDIOMS

non avere la benché minima idea not to have the faintest o slightest idea, to have no idea whatever.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > benché
8 minimo

['minimo] minimo (-a)
1. agg

(il più piccolo) least, slightest, (piccolissimo) very small, slight, (il più basso) lowest, minimum

la temperatura minima — the minimum temperature

a un costo minimo — at a minimal cost

non c'è la minima differenza — there isn't the slightest difference

la differenza è minima — the difference is minimal o very small o slight, there's hardly any difference

non c'è stato il minimo cambiamento — there hasn't been the slightest change

il prezzo minimo è 100 euro — the lowest o minimum price is 100 euros

gli effetti collaterali della medicina sono minimi — the drug's side effects are minimal

non ne ho la minima idea — I haven't the slightest idea

ridurre una frazione ai minimi termini Mat — to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms

queste scarpe sono ridotte ai minimi termini — (fig : molto consumate) these shoes are completely worn out

2. sm

1) minimum

è il minimo che tu possa fare — it's the least you can do

non ha un minimo di comprensione — he is totally lacking in understanding

gli hanno dato il minimo della pena — they gave him the minimum sentence

come minimo avrebbe potuto dirmelo — he could at least have told me

il minimo indispensabile — the bare minimum

2) Auto

girare al minimo — to idle

questo motore ha il minimo basso — this engine has a low idling speed

Nuovo dizionario Italiano-Inglese > minimo
9 tener

v.

1 to have.

tengo un hermano I have o I've got a brother

tener fiebre to have a temperature

tuvieron una pelea they had a fight

tener un niño to have a baby

¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!

tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in August

Yo tengo una casa I have a house.

El carro tuvo un accidente The car had an accident.

Esto tiene azúcar This has=is made of sugar.

Yo tengo dos hijos I have=am the parent of two sons.

Tengo un primo I have a cousin,

Ella tuvo una gran idea She had a great idea.

Yo tengo paperas I have=suffer from the mumps.

Tengo un ataque de nervios I am having a nervous fit.

Ella tiene su aprobación She has=meets with his approval.

2 to be.

tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 meters wide

¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?

tiene diez años she's ten (years old)

tengo tres años aquí I've been here for three years (Am)

tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraid

tener mal humor to be bad-tempered

le tiene lástima he feels sorry for her

3 to get (recibir) (mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación).

tuve un verdadero desengaño I was really disappointed

tendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise

4 to hold.

tenlo por el asa hold it by the handle

Ella tiene su bolso She holds her purse.

5 to offer, to have.

* * *

TENER

CONJUGACIÓN

Present Indicative

tengo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, tienen.

Past Indicative

tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvisteis, tuvieron.

Future Indicative

tendré, tendrás, tendrá, tendremos, tendréis, tendrán.

Conditional

tendría, tendrías, tendría, tendríamos, tendríais, tendrían.

Present Subjunctive

tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan.

Imperfect Subjunctive

tuviera, tuvieras, tuviera, tuviéramos, tuvierais, tuvieran;

tuviese, tuvieses, tuviese, tuviésemos, tuvieseis, tuviesen.

Future Subjunctive

tuviere, tuvieres, tuviere, tuviéremos, tuviereis, tuvieren.

Imperative

ten (tú), tenga (él/Vd.), tengamos (nos.), tened (vos.), tengan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to have

2) hold

3) own, possess

4) feel

•

- tener en cuenta
- tener que
- tenerse por
* * *
Para las expresiones como tener cuidado, tener ganas, tener suerte, tener de particular, tener en cuenta, ver la otra entrada.
1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
El uso de got con el verbo have es más frecuente en inglés británico, pero solo se usa en el presente.
1) (=poseer, disponer de) to have, have got

¿tienes dinero? — do you have {o} have you got any money?

¿tienes un bolígrafo? — do you have {o} have you got a pen?

¿tiene usted permiso para esto? — do you have {o} have you got permission for this?

tiene un tío en Venezuela — he has an uncle in Venezuela, he's got an uncle in Venezuela

ahora no tengo tiempo — I don't have {o} I haven't got time now

2) [referido a aspecto, carácter] to have, have got

tiene el pelo rubio — he has blond hair, he's got blond hair

tenía una sonrisa preciosa — she had a lovely smile

tiene la nariz aguileña — she has an aquiline nose, she's got an aquiline nose

tenía el pelo mojado — his hair was wet

3) [referido a edad] to be

tiene siete años — he's seven (years old)

¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

al menos debe de tener 55 años — she must be at least 55

4) [referido a ocupaciones] to have, have got

tenemos clase de inglés a las 11 — we have an English class at 11, we've got an English class at 11

el lunes tenemos una reunión — we're having a meeting on Monday, we've got a meeting on Monday

mañana tengo una fiesta — I'm going to a party tomorrow

5) (=parir) to have

va a tener un niño — she's going to have a baby

6) (=medir) to be

tener 5cm de ancho — to be 5cm wide

7) (=sentir) + sustantivo to be + adj

tener hambre/sed/calor/frío — to be hungry/thirsty/hot/cold

no tengas tantos celos — don't be so jealous

hemos tenido mucho miedo — we have been very frightened

le tengo mucho cariño — I'm very fond of him

he tenido un presentimiento — I've had a premonition

8) (=padecer, sufrir) to have

han tenido un accidente — they have had an accident

hemos tenido muchas dificultades — we have had a lot of difficulties

Luis tiene la gripe — Luis has {o} has got flu

tengo fiebre — I have {o} I've got a (high) temperature

¿qué tienes? — what's the matter with you?, what's wrong with you?

9) (=sostener) to hold

tenía el pasaporte en la mano — he had his passport in his hand, he was holding his passport in his hand

tenme el vaso un momento, por favor — hold my glass for me for a moment, please

¡ten!, ¡aquí tienes! — here you are!

10) (=recibir) to have

aún no he tenido carta — I haven't had a letter yet

¿has tenido noticias suyas? — have you heard from her?

11) (=pensar, considerar)

• tener [a bien] hacer algo — to see fit to do sth

• tener a algn [en] algo, te tendrán en más estima — they will hold you in higher esteem

• tener a algn [por] — + adj to consider sb (to be) + adj

le tengo por poco honrado — I consider him (to be) rather dishonest

• ten por [seguro] que... — rest assured that...

12) tener algo que ({+ infin})

tengo trabajo que hacer — I have {o} I've got work to do

no tengo nada que hacer — I have {o} I've got nothing to do

eso no tiene nada que ver — that has {o} that's got nothing to do with it

13) [locuciones]

ya saben dónde me tienen — you always know where you can find me

• ¡[ahí] lo tienes! — there you are!, there you have it!

• tener algo [de] + adj —

de bueno no tiene nada — there's nothing good about it

no tiene nada de particular — it's nothing special

¿qué tiene de malo? — what's wrong with that?

• tenerlo [difícil] — to find it difficult

• tenerlo [fácil] — to have it easy

- ¿conque esas tenemos?

- no tenerlas todas consigo

no las tengo todas conmigo de que lo haga — I'm none too sure that he'll do it, I'm not entirely sure that he'll do it

- tener todas las de ganar

- tener todas las de perder

- quien tuvo retuvo

2. VERBO AUXILIAR

1) tener que ({+ infin})

a) [indicando obligación]

tengo que comprarlo — I have to {o} I've got to buy it, I must buy it

tenemos que marcharnos — we have to {o} we've got to go, we must be going

tienen que aumentarte el sueldo — they have to {o} they've got to give you a rise

tuvo que devolver todo el dinero — he had to pay all the money back

tiene que ser así — it has to be this way

b) [indicando suposición, probabilidad]

¡tienes que estar cansadísima! — you must be really tired!

tiene que dolerte mucho ¿no? — it must hurt a lot, doesn't it?

tiene que estar en tu despacho — it must be in your office

tiene que haberte dolido mucho — it must have hurt a lot

c) [en reproches]

¡tendrías que haberlo dicho antes! — you should have said so before!

¡tendría que darte vergüenza! — you should be ashamed of yourself!

¡tú tenías que ser! — it would be you!, it had to be you!

d) [en sugerencias, recomendaciones]

tendrías que comer más — you should eat more

tendríamos que pedirle perdón — we should apologize to him

2) + participio

tenía puesto el sombrero — he had his hat on

nos tenían preparada una sorpresa — they had prepared a surprise for us

tenía pensado llamarte — I had been thinking of phoning you

te lo tengo dicho muchas veces — I've told you hundreds of times

yo no le tengo visto — I've never set eyes on him

3) + adj

procura tener contentos a todos — he tries to keep everybody happy

me tiene perplejo la falta de noticias — the lack of news is puzzling, I am puzzled by the lack of news

4) esp Méx (=llevar)

tienen tres meses de no cobrar — they haven't been paid for three months, it's three months since they've been paid

tengo cuatro años aquí — I've been here for four years

3.

See:

tenerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']

Sentido I

1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have

¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?

no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread

no tengo a quién recurrir — I have nobody to turn to

tú no tienes idea de lo que fue — you've no idea what it was like

aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit

ahí tienes! yo te lo dije — there you are! I told you so

¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?

2)

a) ( llevar encima) to have

¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?

b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing

qué traje más elegante tienes! — that's a smart suit you're wearing!

3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have

tengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner

tenemos clases mañana — we've got school tomorrow

tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf

tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do

4)

a) (señalando características, atributos) to have

tiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair

tiene mucho tacto — he's very tactful

la casa tiene mucha luz — the house is very light o gets a lot of light

tiene un metro de largo — it is one meter long

tiene mucho de su padre — he's very much like his father

¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?

no tiene nada de extraño — there's nothing strange about it

le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?

b) ( expresando edad)

¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

tengo veinte años — I'm twenty (years old)

c) ( con idea de posibilidad)

no creo que tenga arreglo — I don't think it can be fixed

el problema tiene solución — there is a solution to the problem

5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have

Sentido II

6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold

tenlo derecho — hold it upright

7) ( tomar)

ten la llave — take o here's the key

Sentido III

8) ( recibir) to have

no hemos tenido noticias de él — we haven't heard from him

la propuesta tuvo una acogida favorable — the proposal was favorably received

9)

a) ( sentir)

tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold

tiene celos de su hermano — she's jealous of her brother

no tiene interés por nada — she's not interested in anything

le tengo mucho cariño — I'm very fond of him

tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...

¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?

b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have

tengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache

no saben lo que tiene — they don't know what's wrong with him

c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have

que tengas buen viaje — have a good trip

tener una discusión con alguien — to have an argument with somebody

10) ( refiriéndose a actitudes)

ten más respeto — have a little more respect

ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful

Sentido IV

11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)

la mesa tiene una pata rota — one of the table legs is broken

tengo las manos sucias — my hands are dirty

tienes el cinturón desabrochado — your belt's undone

lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb

lo tengo terminado — I've already finished it

me tiene muy preocupada — I'm very worried about it

nos tuvo allí esperando — he kept us waiting there

me tienen de sirvienta — they treat me like a maid

tengo a la niña enferma — my little girl's sick

12) ( considerar)

tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it
2.
tener v aux

Sentido I

1)

a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf

tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today

no tienes más que apretar este botón — all you have to do is press this button

no tengo por qué darte cuentas a ti — I don't have to explain anything to you

tienes que comer más — you ought to eat more

b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)

tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him

2) ( expresando certeza)

tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!

Sentido II

3) ( con participio pasado)

¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?

tengo entendido que sí viene — I understand he is coming

te tengo dicho que eso no me gusta — I've told you before I don't like that

teníamos pensado irnos hoy — we intended leaving today

tiene bastante dinero ahorrado — she has quite a lot of money saved up

4) (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo)

tienen tres años de casados — they've been married for three years

tenía un año sin verlo — she hadn't seen him for a year
3.
tenerse v pron

1) ( sostenerse)

no podía tenerse en pie — he couldn't stand

no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet

2) (refl) ( considerarse)

tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent

* * *

= bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.

Ex. Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.

Ex. The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.

Ex. Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.

Ex. If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.

Ex. For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.

Ex. Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.

Ex. Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.

Ex. The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.

Ex. Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.

Ex. But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.

Ex. Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.

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* acabar teniendo = end up with.

* acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.

* a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.

* aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.

* a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.

* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.

* del que se tiene constancia = recorded.

* demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.

* el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.

* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.

* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.

* estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.

* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.

* lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.

* necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.

* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.

* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.

* no tener alternativa = have + no choice.

* no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.

* no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.

* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.

* no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.

* no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.

* no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* no tener errores = be error-free.

* no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.

* no tener fin = there + be + no end to.

* no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.

* no tener fundamento = be unfounded.

* no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.

* no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.

* no tener hijos = be childless.

* no tener hogar = be homeless.

* no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.

* no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.

* no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.

* no tener información = be undocumented.

* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.

* no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.

* no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.

* no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.

* no tener la preparación = be untrained.

* no tener límite = have + no limit.

* no tener límites = be boundless.

* no tener lugar = fall through.

* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.

* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.

* no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.

* no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.

* no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.

* no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.

* no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.

* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.

* no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.

* no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.

* no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.

* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.

* no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.

* no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.

* no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.

* no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.

* no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.

* no tener opción = have + no choice.

* no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.

* no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener otra opción = have + no choice.

* no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.

* no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.

* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.

* no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.

* no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.

* no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.

* no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.

* no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.

* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.

* no tener razón = be wrong.

* no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.

* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.

* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.

* no tener representación = be unrepresented.

* no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.

* no tener rival = be second to none.

* no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.

* no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.

* no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.

* no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.

* no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.

* no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.

* no tener suerte = be out of luck.

* no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.

* no tener trabajo = be unemployed.

* no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.

* no tener un duro = not have a bean.

* no tener valor = be valueless.

* no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.

* no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.

* ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....

* ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....

* parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].

* que no tiene precio = priceless.

* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.

* que tiene precio = priced.

* que tiene sentido = meaningful.

* que tiene solución = solvable.

* revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.

* sin tener = in the absence of.

* sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.

* sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.

* sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.

* tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.

* tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.

* tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.

* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.

* tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.

* tener afinidades = share + common ground.

* tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.

* tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.

* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.

* tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.

* tener algo en contra de = have + something against.

* tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.

* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.

* tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.

* tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.

* tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.

* tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.

* tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.

* tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.

* tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.

* tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.

* tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.

* tener ansias de = crave, crave for.

* tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.

* tener antojo de = crave, crave for.

* tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.

* tener aspecto = look.

* tener atrasos = be in arrears.

* tener aversión a = have + aversion to.

* tener beneficios = have + benefits.

* tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.

* tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.

* tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.

* tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.

* tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.

* tener bulla = be in a hurry.

* tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.

* tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.

* tener características en común = share + similarities.

* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener carencias = find + wanting.

* tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.

* tener causa justificada = have + good cause.

* tener cautela = proceed + with caution.

* tener celos = feel + jealous.

* tener claro = be clear in your mind.

* tener coherencia = cohere.

* tener cólicos = be colicky.

* tener como consecuencia = result (in).

* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.

* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.

* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.

* tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).

* tener compasión de = have + compassion for.

* tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.

* tener consecuencias = have + consequences.

* tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.

* tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.

* tener contacto = have + contact.

* tener contactos = liaise (with/between).

* tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.

* tener control sobre = have + hold on.

* tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.

* tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.

* tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).

* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.

* tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.

* tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.

* tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.

* tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.

* tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.

* tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.

* tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).

* tener cultivos = grow + crops.

* tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.

* tener delante = have + before.

* tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.

* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.

* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.

* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.

* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.

* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.

* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.

* tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.

* tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.

* tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.

* tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.

* tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.

* tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.

* tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.

* tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.

* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.

* tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.

* tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.

* tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.

* tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.

* tener el honor de = have + the honour of.

* tener el lujo = have + luxury.

* tener el mando = rule + the roost.

* tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.

* tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.

* tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.

* tener el placer de = take + pleasure.

* tener el plazo cumplido = be due.

* tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.

* tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener el poder de = have + the power to.

* tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.

* tener el valor = have + the courage.

* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.

* tener en común con = partake (in/of).

* tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.

* tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.

* tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.

* tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.

* tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.

* tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.

* tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.

* tener entre manos = be up to.

* tener envidia de = envy.

* tener errores = be flawed.

* tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.

* tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.

* tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.

* tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.

* tener experiencia = have + experience.

* tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener fallos = be flawed.

* tener fe = have + faith (in).

* tener fe en = have + faith (in).

* tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.

* tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).

* tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.

* tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.

* tener frenillo = lisp.

* tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.

* tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.

* tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.

* tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.

* tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.

* tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.

* tener gancho = be engaging.

* tener gastos = incur + costs.

* tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.

* tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener gran importancia = be of high significance.

* tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.

* tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.

* tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.

* tener hijos = father + children, have + children.

* tener hipo = hiccup.

* tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.

* tener horror a = loathe, hate.

* tener idea = have + a clue.

* tener impacto = make + impact.

* tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).

* tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.

* tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.

* tener indigestión = have + indigestion.

* tener influencias = have + pull.

* tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.

* tener iniciativa = be proactive.

* tener intereses en = have + a stake in.

* tener intereses en juego = have + invested.

* tener interés por = have + an interest in.

* tener interés por/en = be interested in.

* tener inventiva = be inventive.

* tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).

* tener la autoridad = have + mandate.

* tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.

* tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).

* tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.

* tener la certeza de = feel + confident.

* tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.

* tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.

* tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.

* tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.

* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.

* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.

* tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).

* tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.

* tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la doble función = double as, double up as.

* tener la facultad de = have + powers to.

* tener la fama de = have + a good record for.

* tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.

* tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la función de = be in the business of.

* tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.

* tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.

* tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.

* tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.

* tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.

* tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.

* tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.

* tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.

* tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.

* tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.

* tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.

* tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).

* tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.

* tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.

* tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.

* tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.

* tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.

* tener la potestad = have + mandate.

* tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.

* tener lapsus = have + lapses.

* tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.

* tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.

* tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.

* tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.

* tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.

* tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.

* tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.

* tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.

* tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.

* tener lástima = pity.

* tener lástima de = take + pity on.

* tener la tentación de = be tempted to.

* tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.

* tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tener libertad = have + freedom.

* tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.

* tenerlo crudo = not be easy.

* tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.

* tenerlo duro = not be easy.

* tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.

* tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.

* tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.

* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.

* tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.

* tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.

* tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.

* tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.

* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.

* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.

* tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.

* tener madera de = be cut out for.

* tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.

* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.

* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.

* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.

* tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.

* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* tener mérito = be meritorious.

* tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.

* tener miedo a = be scared of.

* tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.

* tener motivo = be right.

* tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.

* tener motivo para = have + cause to.

* tener movilidad = be mobile.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener niños = have + children.

* tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.

* tener noticias de = hear from.

* tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.

* tener obligación = have + obligation.

* tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).

* tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.

* tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.

* tener opinión = take + view.

* tener paciencia = be patient.

* tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.

* tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* tener paralelo = have + parallel.

* tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.

* tener pérdidas = make + a loss.

* tener perplejo = stump.

* tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.

* tener poca información = be information poor.

* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.

* tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.

* tener poco que ver = have + little to do.

* tener poco valor = be of little value.

* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener por término medio = average.

* tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.

* tener potencial = have + potential.

* tener precaución de = be chary of.

* tener precedencia = take + priority.

* tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.

* tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).

* tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.

* tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.

* tener prioridad = trump.

* tener prisa = be in a hurry.

* tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.

* tener problemas = have + problems.

* tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.

* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.

* tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.

* tener que = have to, hafta [have to].

* tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.

* tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.

* tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.

* tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.

* tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.

* tener que competir con = face + competition from.

* tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.

* tener que ocurrir = be boun.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo [El uso de 'got' en frases como 'I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma 'I have a new dress']

Sentido I

1) (poseer, disponer de) <dinero/trabajo/tiempo> to have

¿tienen hijos? — do they have any children?, have they got any children?

no tenemos pan — we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread

no tengo a quién recurrir — I have nobody to turn to

tú no tienes idea de lo que fue — you've no idea what it was like

aquí tienes al culpable — here's o this is the culprit

ahí tienes! yo te lo dije — there you are! I told you so

¿conque ésas tenemos? — so that's the way things are, is it?

2)

a) ( llevar encima) to have

¿tiene hora? — have you got the time?

b) ( llevar puesto) to be wearing

qué traje más elegante tienes! — that's a smart suit you're wearing!

3) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have

tengo invitados a cenar — I have o I've got some people coming to dinner

tenemos clases mañana — we've got school tomorrow

tener... que + inf — to have... to + inf

tengo cosas que hacer — I have o I've got things to do

4)

a) (señalando características, atributos) to have

tiene el pelo largo — she has o she's got long hair

tiene mucho tacto — he's very tactful

la casa tiene mucha luz — the house is very light o gets a lot of light

tiene un metro de largo — it is one meter long

tiene mucho de su padre — he's very much like his father

¿y eso qué tiene de malo? — and what's so bad about that?

no tiene nada de extraño — there's nothing strange about it

le lleva 15 años - ¿y eso qué tiene? — (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is - so what does that matter?

b) ( expresando edad)

¿cuántos años tienes? — how old are you?

tengo veinte años — I'm twenty (years old)

c) ( con idea de posibilidad)

no creo que tenga arreglo — I don't think it can be fixed

el problema tiene solución — there is a solution to the problem

5) ( dar a luz) <bebé/gemelos> to have

Sentido II

6) (sujetar, sostener) to hold

tenlo derecho — hold it upright

7) ( tomar)

ten la llave — take o here's the key

Sentido III

8) ( recibir) to have

no hemos tenido noticias de él — we haven't heard from him

la propuesta tuvo una acogida favorable — the proposal was favorably received

9)

a) ( sentir)

tengo hambre/sueño/frío — I'm hungry/tired/cold

tiene celos de su hermano — she's jealous of her brother

no tiene interés por nada — she's not interested in anything

le tengo mucho cariño — I'm very fond of him

tengo el placer de... — it gives me great pleasure to...

¿qué tienes? — what's wrong?, what's the matter?

b) (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have

tengo dolor de cabeza — I have o I've got a headache

no saben lo que tiene — they don't know what's wrong with him

c) (refiriéndose a experiencias, sucesos) to have

que tengas buen viaje — have a good trip

tener una discusión con alguien — to have an argument with somebody

10) ( refiriéndose a actitudes)

ten más respeto — have a little more respect

ten paciencia/cuidado — be patient/careful

Sentido IV

11) (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl)

la mesa tiene una pata rota — one of the table legs is broken

tengo las manos sucias — my hands are dirty

tienes el cinturón desabrochado — your belt's undone

lo tiene dominado — she has him under her thumb

lo tengo terminado — I've already finished it

me tiene muy preocupada — I'm very worried about it

nos tuvo allí esperando — he kept us waiting there

me tienen de sirvienta — they treat me like a maid

tengo a la niña enferma — my little girl's sick

12) ( considerar)

tener algo/a alguien por algo: se lo tiene por el mejor he/it is considered (to be) the best; siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy; ten por seguro que lo hará — you can be sure he'll do it
2.
tener v aux

Sentido I

1)

a) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

tener que + inf — to have (got) to + inf

tengo que estudiar hoy — I have to o I must study today

no tienes más que apretar este botón — all you have to do is press this button

no tengo por qué darte cuentas a ti — I don't have to explain anything to you

tienes que comer más — you ought to eat more

b) (expresando propósito, recomendación)

tener que + inf: tenemos que ir a verla we must go and see her; tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise; tendrías que llamarlo — you should ring him

2) ( expresando certeza)

tener que + inf: tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer; tiene que haber sido él it must have been him; tú tenías que ser! — it had to be you!

Sentido II

3) ( con participio pasado)

¿tiene previsto asistir? — do you plan to attend?

tengo entendido que sí viene — I understand he is coming

te tengo dicho que eso no me gusta — I've told you before I don't like that

teníamos pensado irnos hoy — we intended leaving today

tiene bastante dinero ahorrado — she has quite a lot of money saved up

4) (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo)

tienen tres años de casados — they've been married for three years

tenía un año sin verlo — she hadn't seen him for a year
3.
tenerse v pron

1) ( sostenerse)

no podía tenerse en pie — he couldn't stand

no tenerse de sueño — to be dead o asleep on one's feet

2) (refl) ( considerarse)

tenerse por algo: se tiene por muy inteligente — he considers himself to be very intelligent

* * *

= bear, contain, have, hold, own, carry, have got, have + in place, live with, have at + Posesivo + disposal, possess.

Ex: Use a uniform title for an entry if the item bears a title proper that differs from the uniform title.

Ex: The label contains information about the record, indicating, for instance, its length, status, for example, new, amended, type and class.

Ex: Many of the aspects of the indexing process including, in particular, term selection and search logic have common features.

Ex: If the search is made with a call number, a summary of copies with that call number which are held by the library is first displayed.

Ex: For example, a person can consult the system holdings files to find out whether a library in the network owns a copy of the document.

Ex: Europe Environment carries useful reports on the activities of the lobby groups in the environmental, consumer protection and research fields.

Ex: Typical examples of enquiries of this kind that could be satisfied within minutes in any decently stocked library are ' Have you got anything on organising weddings?' 'Can you find me something on the history of paddle-steamers?'.

Ex: The first country to have in place an operational domestic geostationary satellite communications system was Canada.

Ex: Medical advances are improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS, while prevention remains the key to stopping the spread of this disease.

Ex: But this would require time and competencies, which not all policy makers have at their disposal.

Ex: Not every index necessarily exhibits all the features of either of these types of indexing systems, and indeed, some will possess elements of both types of systems.

* acabar teniendo = end up with.

* acontecimiento + tener lugar = occurrence + take place.

* a mí también me gustaría tener la misma oportunidad = turnabout is fair play.

* aquí tiene(s) = here is/are.

* a tener en cuenta en el futuro = for future reference.

* cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* dar gracias por lo que Uno tiene = count + Posesivo + blessings.

* del que se tiene constancia = recorded.

* demostrar que se tiene razón = prove + Posesivo + point.

* el cliente siempre tiene la razón = the customer is always right.

* empezar a tener dudas = get + cold feet.

* empezar a tener sentido = become + meaningful.

* estudiar + Nombre + teniendo en cuenta + Nombre = place + Nombre + against the background of + Nombre.

* hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.

* hombre que tiene mucho mundo = a man of the world.

* lo que tenga que pasar, que pase = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.

* lo que tenga que ser, será = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* mujer que tiene mucho mundo = a woman of the world.

* necesitarse tener en cuenta = need + consideration.

* negar tener relación con = disclaim + connection with.

* no querer tener nada que ver con = want + nothing to do with.

* no tener alternativa = have + no choice.

* no tener apetito = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.

* no tener constancia de Algo = unrecorded.

* no tener donde caerse muerto = not have two pennies to rub together.

* no tener dos dedos de frente = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush.

* no tener dos dedos de frnete = knucklehead.

* no tener en cuenta = disregard, overlook, skip over, be oblivious of/to, close + the door on, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, fly in + the face of, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* no tener errores = be error-free.

* no tener éxito = come up with + nothing, prove + unsuccessful, be unsuccessful.

* no tener fin = there + be + no end to.

* no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.

* no tener fundamento = be unfounded.

* no tener ganas = can't/couldn't be bothered, can't/couldn't be bothered.

* no tener ganas de comer = be off + Posesivo + food, be off + Posesivo + oats.

* no tener hijos = be childless.

* no tener hogar = be homeless.

* no tener idea = have + no clue, have + no idea.

* no tener idea de = be clueless about, have + no understanding of.

* no tener importancia = be of no importance, make + no difference, be of no consequence.

* no tener información = be undocumented.

* no tener la más mínima idea sobre Algo = Negativo + have + the foggiest idea.

* no tener la menor importancia = be of no particular concern.

* no tener la necesidad de usar Algo = have + no use for.

* no tener la obligación de = be under no obligation.

* no tener la preparación = be untrained.

* no tener límite = have + no limit.

* no tener límites = be boundless.

* no tener lugar = fall through.

* no tener más alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener más opción que = have + little choice but, have + no other option but.

* no tener más remedio que = be stuck with, be left with the need to, get + stuck with.

* no tener nada en contra de = have + no quarrel with, have + nothing against.

* no tener nada en contra de Algo = have + no quarrel about + Nombre.

* no tener nada que perder = have + nothing to lose.

* no tener nada que ver con = be irrelevant to.

* no tener ni idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.

* no tener ni la más mínima posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ni la más remota posibilidad = not to have a prayer.

* no tener ningún escrúpulo en = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ningún fundamento = not have a leg to stand on.

* no tener ningún interés = can't/couldn't be bothered.

* no tener ningún problema con = be okay with.

* no tener ningún remilgo en = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ningún reparo = have + no qualms about.

* no tener ni pies ni cabeza = be pointless.

* no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.

* no tener ni puta idea = not get + Posesivo + shit together.

* no tener ni puta idea sobre Algo = not know the first thing about.

* no tener ni un pelo de tonto = there are no flies (on/about) + Pronombre.

* no tener ni voz ni voto en = have + no say in.

* no tener noticias es buena señal = no news is good news.

* no tener opción = have + no choice.

* no tener otra alternativa = have + no choice.

* no tener otra alternativa que = have + no other option but.

* no tener otra opción = have + no choice.

* no tener otra opción que = have + no other option but.

* no tener otro objetivo que el de = have + no other purpose than.

* no tener otro sitio donde recurrir = have + nowhere else to turn.

* no tener parangón = be unequalled, be without peer.

* no tener pelos en la lengua = call + a spade a spade.

* no tener posibilidades = be dead meat.

* no tener prejuicios = be open-minded.

* no tener presente = be oblivious of/to.

* no tener que ir muy lejos = not have to look far.

* no tener razón = be wrong.

* no tener razón de ser + Infinitivo = there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.

* no tener reparos = make + no bones about + Algo.

* no tener reparos en admitir que = make + no bones about + Algo.

* no tener representación = be unrepresented.

* no tener respuesta = be unanswerable.

* no tener rival = be second to none.

* no tener rumbo = lose + Posesivo + way.

* no tener salida = be stuck, get + stuck.

* no tenerse en pie = Negativo + hold + water.

* no tener sentido = be meaningless, be pointless, be senseless.

* no tener sentido el + Infinitivo = there + be + no point in + Gerundio.

* no tener sentido + Infinitivo = there + be + little point in + Gerundio, there + be + no sense in + Gerundio.

* no tener suerte = be out of luck.

* no tener tiempo de nada = have + not a moment to spare.

* no tener trabajo = be unemployed.

* no tener trascendencia = be of no consequence.

* no tener un duro = not have a bean.

* no tener valor = be valueless.

* no tener vida privada = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.

* no terminar nunca de tener problemas con = have + no end of problems with.

* ¡Ojalá tuviera...! = I wish I had....

* ¡Ojalá tuviese...! = I wish I had....

* parece tener poco sentido que = there + seem + little point in.

* por si + tener + suerte = on spec.

* que no tiene compensación = non-compensatory [noncompensatory].

* que no tiene precio = priceless.

* que pase lo que tenga que pasar = que sera sera, whatever will be, will be, what's meant to be, will be.

* que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.

* que tiene precio = priced.

* que tiene sentido = meaningful.

* que tiene solución = solvable.

* revista que tiene una gran demanda popular = mass-market journal.

* sin tener = in the absence of.

* sin tener en cuenta = never mind, without regard to, independently of, disregarding, not including.

* sin tener en cuenta el hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.

* sin tener que recurrir a = without recourse to.

* tenemos intereses en ambas partes = our feet are in both worlds.

* tener a Alguien metido en un puño = have + Nombre + under + Posesivo + thumb.

* tener a cargo de uno = have + as + Posesivo + charge.

* tener acceso a información confidencial = be on the inside.

* tener acuerdos con = have + deals with.

* tener afinidades = share + common ground.

* tener aire acondiconado = be air-conditioned.

* tener a la disposición de Uno = have at + Posesivo + disposal.

* tener al alcance = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener Algo al alcance = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener algo a mano = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener + Algo + a + Posesivo + entera disposición = have + the run of the + Nombre.

* tener Algo bajo el control de Uno = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + command.

* tener Algo claro = clarify + Posesivo + mind.

* tener Algo en común = have + Nombre + in common, share + Nombre + in common.

* tener algo en contra de = have + something against.

* tener Algo fácilmente accesible = have + Nombre + at + Posesivo + fingertips.

* tener Algo hecho a la medida de uno = have + Nombre + cut out.

* tener algo muy vivo en la mente de uno = be strong in + mind.

* tener algo que decir sobre = have + a say in.

* tener algo que ver con = have + something to do with.

* tener algo reservado = have + something up + Posesivo + sleeve.

* tener alguna incidencia en = have + some bearing on.

* tener alguna posibilidad = have + a fighting chance.

* tener alguna posibilidad de triunfar = have + a fighting chance.

* tener alguna relevancia para = have + some bearing on.

* tener alucinaciones = hallucinate.

* tener a mano = have at + Posesivo + touch, have + on call, have + to hand, keep within + reach, be to hand.

* tener ansias de = crave, crave for.

* tener antecedentes de = have + a track record of.

* tener antojo de = crave, crave for.

* tener a + Posesivo + cargo = have + in + Posesivo + charge.

* tener aspecto = look.

* tener atrasos = be in arrears.

* tener aversión a = have + aversion to.

* tener beneficios = have + benefits.

* tener buena mano con las plantas = have + a green thumb, have + green fingers.

* tener buen apetito = have + a good appetite.

* tener buenas intenciones = be well-intentioned, mean + well.

* tener buenas perspectivas para = be well-placed to.

* tener buen ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a good judge of character.

* tener bulla = be in a hurry.

* tener cabida para = hold, accommodate, include, take.

* tener calentura = have + a temperature, have + a fever.

* tener características en común = share + similarities.

* tener cara de muerto = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener carencias = find + wanting.

* tener carta blanca = have + carte-blanche.

* tener causa justificada = have + good cause.

* tener cautela = proceed + with caution.

* tener celos = feel + jealous.

* tener claro = be clear in your mind.

* tener coherencia = cohere.

* tener cólicos = be colicky.

* tener como consecuencia = result (in).

* tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.

* tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.

* tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective, be in business for.

* tener como sede = headquarter (at/in).

* tener compasión de = have + compassion for.

* tener conocimiento de = be privy to, be aware of.

* tener consecuencias = have + consequences.

* tener consecuencias en = have + implication for.

* tener consecuencias negativas = backfire.

* tener contacto = have + contact.

* tener contactos = liaise (with/between).

* tener controlado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.

* tener control sobre = have + hold on.

* tener coraje = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.

* tener correlación con = bear + correlation with.

* tener correspondencia = bear + correspondence (to).

* tener cosas en común = share + common ground.

* tener cualidades + Adjetivo = be of + Adjetivo + quality.

* tener cuidado = exercise + care, exercise + caution, proceed + with caution, watch out, take + caution.

* tener cuidado con = watch for, beware (of/that), look out for, be wary of.

* tener cuidado con lo que se dice = say + the right thing.

* tener cuidado con lo que Uno dice = watch + Posesivo + mouth, watch what + say.

* tener cuidado de = be careful, be chary of, take + (great) pains to.

* tener cuidado (de que) = take + care (that).

* tener cultivos = grow + crops.

* tener debilidad por = have + a soft spot for.

* tener delante = have + before.

* tener demasiada prisa = be in too much of a hurry, be in too much of a rush.

* tener derecho a = be entitled to, have + a right to, entitle to, have + the right to, have + a say in.

* tener derecho a expresar + Posesivo + opinión = be entitled to + Posesivo + own opinion.

* tener derecho de paso = have + the right of way.

* tener dificultad = struggle, experience + difficulty, be hard pressed.

* tener dificultad de + Infinitivo = have + difficulty + Gerundio, have + difficulty in + Gerundio.

* tener dificultad en + Verbo = be at pains to + Infinitivo.

* tener dificultades = have + a hard time, have + a tough time.

* tener dinero a punta pala = roll in + Dinero.

* tener dominado a Alguien = have + Nombre + on the run.

* tener dudas = be doubtful, have + misgivings, have + reservations (about), be suspicious.

* tener dudas sobre = be ambivalent about.

* tener efecto = take + effect, have + effect.

* tener efecto sobre = impinge on/upon.

* tener el atrevimiento de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener el corazón de un león = have + the heart of a lion.

* tener el deber de = have + a responsibility to.

* tener el derecho de = have + the right to.

* tener el descaro de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.

* tener el estatus profesional de + Nombre = have + Nombre + status.

* tener el gusto de = take + pleasure.

* tener el hábito de = have + the habit of.

* tener el honor de = have + the honour of.

* tener el lujo = have + luxury.

* tener el mando = rule + the roost.

* tener el mejor aspecto posible = look + Posesivo + best.

* tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.

* tener el mono = suffer from + withdrawal symptoms.

* tener el placer de = take + pleasure.

* tener el plazo cumplido = be due.

* tener el plazo vencido = be overdue.

* tener el poder = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener el poder de = have + the power to.

* tener el toque mágico = have + the magic touch.

* tener el valor = have + the courage.

* tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener en común = hold in + common, tread + common ground.

* tener en común con = partake (in/of).

* tener en consideración = take into + consideration, take into + consideration.

* tener en cuenta = allow for, bear in + mind, cater for/to, consider (as), heed, make + allowances, take + account of, take + cognisance of, take + cognition of, take into + account, take into + consideration, make + provision for, bring into + play, give + an ear to, factor, have + regard for, factor in, be aware of, note, keep in + mind.

* tener en cuenta las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.

* tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint, contemplate + view.

* tener en funcionamiento = have + in effect.

* tener en gran estima = have + a very high regard for.

* tener en mente = bear in + mind, have + in mind, keep in + mind.

* tener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* tener en reserva = hold in + reserve.

* tener entre manos = be up to.

* tener envidia de = envy.

* tener errores = be flawed.

* tener éxito = achieve + success, be successful, get + anywhere, meet + success, prove + successful, succeed, attain + appeal, be a success, find + success, come up + trumps, prove + trumps, take off, meet with + success, hit + the big time, be popular, go + strong.

* tener éxito en el mundo = succeed in + the world.

* tener éxito en la vida = succeed in + life, get on in + life.

* tener expectativas = hold + expectations, have + expectations.

* tener experiencia = have + experience.

* tener fácilmente accesible = have at + Posesivo + touch.

* tener fallos = be flawed.

* tener fe = have + faith (in).

* tener fe en = have + faith (in).

* tener fiebre = have + a temperature, have + a fever.

* tener fijación por = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).

* tener flatulencia = pass + gas, break + wind, pass + wind.

* tener forma + Adjetivo = be + Adjetivo + in shape.

* tener frenillo = lisp.

* tener fundamento para pensar que = have + reason to believe that.

* tener futuro = have + potential, there + be + a future for/in, have + a future.

* tener ganada la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.

* tener ganada sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.

* tener ganas de = be keen to, have + an/the inclination to.

* tener ganas de + Infinitivo = feel like + Gerundio.

* tener gancho = be engaging.

* tener gastos = incur + costs.

* tener gastos generales = incur + overheads.

* tener gran éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener gran importancia = be of high significance.

* tener gran repercusión = be far reaching.

* tener hambre = be hungry, feel + hungry.

* tener hambre después del esfuerzo = work up + an appetite.

* tener hijos = father + children, have + children.

* tener hipo = hiccup.

* tener horario ajustado = be under time constraint.

* tener horror a = loathe, hate.

* tener idea = have + a clue.

* tener impacto = make + impact.

* tener impacto (sobre) = have + impact (on).

* tener implicaciones para = have + implication for.

* tener importancia = carry + weight, have + high profile, be of consequence.

* tener indigestión = have + indigestion.

* tener influencias = have + pull.

* tener influencia sobre = have + hold on.

* tener iniciativa = be proactive.

* tener intereses en = have + a stake in.

* tener intereses en juego = have + invested.

* tener interés por = have + an interest in.

* tener interés por/en = be interested in.

* tener inventiva = be inventive.

* tener jurisdicción = have + jurisdiction (over).

* tener la autoridad = have + mandate.

* tener la bragueta abierta = fly + be undone.

* tener la capacidad de = have + the potential (to/for).

* tener la cara de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la cara descompuesta = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener la categoría profesional de + Nombre = hold + Nombre + rank, have + Nombre + rank, enjoy + Nombre + rank.

* tener la certeza de = feel + confident.

* tener la certeza de que = rest + assured that.

* tener la conciencia limpia = have + a clear conscience.

* tener la conciencia tranquila = have + a clear conscience.

* tener la convicción = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.

* tener la costumbre de = have + a habit of, have + the habit of.

* tener la costumbre de + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener la cuenta bancaria = bank.

* tener la culpa (por/de) = be at fault (for/to).

* tener la culpa de Algo que se ha causado Uno mismo = be of + Posesivo + own making.

* tener la desfachatez de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la desvergüenza de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la doble función = double as, double up as.

* tener la facultad de = have + powers to.

* tener la fama de = have + a good record for.

* tener la fecha de + Fecha = be dated + Fecha.

* tener la frescura de = have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la función de = be in the business of.

* tener la impresión = have + the impression, get + the impression.

* tener la impresión de que = get + the feeling that.

* tener la intención de = be intended to, intend, mean.

* tener la intención de + Infinitivo = set out to + Infinitivo.

* tener la libertad de = be at liberty to, feel + free to.

* tener la libertard de/para = have + the latitude to.

* tener la malafortuna de = have + the misfortune to.

* tener la mirada perdida = stare into + space, gaze into + space.

* tener la misma importancia = carry + equal weight.

* tener la obligación de = be under the obligation to.

* tener la ocasión de = have + opportunity to.

* tener la oficina central en = headquarter (at/in).

* tener la opinión = it + be + Posesivo + understanding.

* tener la oportunidad = have + the opportunity.

* tener la oportunidad de = get + (a/the) + chance to, have + opportunity to, get + a chance to.

* tener la osadía de = have + the gall to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.

* tener la paciencia del santo Job = have + the patience of Job.

* tener la paciencia de un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* tener la posibilidad de = have + chance.

* tener la potestad = have + mandate.

* tener la potestad de = have + the power to, have + the right to.

* tener lapsus = have + lapses.

* tener la reputación de ser = be well known for.

* tener la responsabilidad = charge, undertake + burden.

* tener la responsabilidad de = have + the responsibility of.

* tener la sartén por el mango = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener la seguridad de = have + the security of.

* tener la seguridad de que = rest + assured that.

* tener la sensación de que = have + a gut feeling that.

* tener las mismas prerrogativas = have + an equal voice in.

* tener las riendas de = hold + the reins of.

* tener las riendas del poder = hold + the reins of power.

* tener lástima = pity.

* tener lástima de = take + pity on.

* tener la tentación de = be tempted to.

* tener la última palabra = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* tener la vista cansada = need + reading glasses.

* tenerle manía a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tenerle rabia a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tenerle tirria a Alguien = have + it in for + Nombre.

* tener libertad = have + freedom.

* tener libertad sobre = have + wide discretion over.

* tenerlo crudo = not be easy.

* tenerlo difícil = not be easy, not be easy.

* tenerlo duro = not be easy.

* tenerlo fácil = have + an easy ride.

* tener lo mejor de ambos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.

* tener lo mejor de los dos mundos = have + the best of both worlds.

* tener lo que hace falta = have + what it takes.

* tener lo que hay que tener = have + what it takes.

* tener lo que se necesita = have + what it takes.

* tener los días contados = day + be + numbered, be doomed, doomed, be dead meat, the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.

* tener los nervios de punta = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* tener los nervios en el estómago = have + butterflies in + Posesivo + stomach.

* tener los pies firmemente en el suelo = feet + be + firmly planted on the ground.

* tenerlo todo = have + the best of both worlds.

* tenerlo todo hecho = have + an easy ride.

* tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.

* tener madera de = be cut out for.

* tener mala fama por = hold in + disrepute, be infamous for.

* tener malas conexiones con = have + poor connections with.

* tener malas intenciones = be up to no good, get up to + no good.

* tener mal de amores = be lovesick.

* tener mal ojo para juzgar a la gente = be a bad judge of character.

* tener más paciencia que el santo Job = have + the patience of Job.

* tener más paciencia que un santo = have + the patience of a saint.

* tener mérito = be meritorious.

* tener miedo = be afraid, be in fear, frighten.

* tener miedo a = be scared of.

* tener miedo a Alguien = regard + Nombre + with fear.

* tener motivo = be right.

* tener motivo justificado = have + good cause.

* tener motivo para = have + cause to.

* tener movilidad = be mobile.

* tener mucha distancia que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucha ilusión = be thrilled.

* tener mucha personalidad = be full of character.

* tener mucho camino que recorrer = have + a long way to go.

* tener mucho carácter = be full of character.

* tener mucho cuidado = be extra vigilant.

* tener mucho éxito = hit + a home run, hit it out of + the park, knock it out of + the park.

* tener mucho interés en = have + a high stake in.

* tener mucho interés por = be keen to.

* tener mucho que ver con = have + a great deal to do with.

* tener mucho tiempo libre = have + plenty of time to spare.

* tener muy mala cara = look like + death warmed (over/up).

* tener niños = have + children.

* tener + Nombre = be not without + Nombre.

* tener noticias de = hear from.

* tener + Número + Período de Tiempo = be + Período de Tiempo + old.

* tener obligación = have + obligation.

* tener obsesión con = be hipped (on/to), get hipped (on/to).

* tener ojeras = have + bags under + Posesivo + eyes.

* tener ojos en la nuca = have + eyes in the back of + Posesivo + head.

* tener opinión = take + view.

* tener paciencia = be patient.

* tener paciencia con = bear with + Pronombre.

* tener palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* tener paralelo = have + parallel.

* tener pelos en la lengua = mince + words.

* tener pérdidas = make + a loss.

* tener perplejo = stump.

* tener plena conciencia de = be fully aware of.

* tener poca información = be information poor.

* tener pocas luces = as thick as a brick, as thick as two (short) planks, as daft as a brush, knucklehead.

* tener pocas posibilidades de = have + little recourse.

* tener poco que ver = have + little to do.

* tener poco valor = be of little value.

* tener por costumbre + Infinitivo = be in the habit of + Gerundio.

* tener por término medio = average.

* tener posibilidades = stand + chance, be in with a chance.

* tener potencial = have + potential.

* tener precaución de = be chary of.

* tener precedencia = take + priority.

* tener preferencia = be preferential, have + the right of way.

* tener preferencia (sobre) = take + precedence (over).

* tener presente = be mindful of/that, bear in + mind, consider (as), keep in + focus, keep in + mind, make + consideration, mind, make + provision for, have + regard for, be aware of.

* tener presente las posibilidades de Algo = consider + possibilities.

* tener prioridad = trump.

* tener prisa = be in a hurry.

* tener problema con Algo = experience + trouble with.

* tener problemas = have + problems.

* tener problemas con = fall + foul of, run + afoul of problems, run + afoul of, fall + afoul of.

* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.

* tener programado su comienzo = be scheduled to start.

* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.

* tener pros y contras = be a mixed blessing.

* tener que = have to, hafta [have to].

* tener que aguantar Algo = be stuck with, get + stuck with.

* tener que arreglárselas solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.

* tener que cargar con = be stuck with, saddle with, get + stuck with.

* tener que cargar con el peso de = be burdened with.

* tener que cargar con el peso de la tradición = be burdened with + tradition.

* tener que competir con = face + competition from.

* tener + que felicitar a Alguien = have to hand it to + Nombre.

* tener que ocurrir = be boun

* * *

tener [ E27 ]

GUIA DE BUSQUEDA

■ tener (verbo transitivo)

Sentido I

A poseer, disponer de

B

1 llevar encima

2 llevar puesto

C actividades, obligaciones

D

1 señalando características

2 expresando edad

3 con idea de posibilidad

E dar a luz

Sentido II

A sujetar, sostener

B tomar

Sentido III

A recibir

B

1 sentir

2 refiriéndose a síntomas

3 refiriéndose a sucesos

C refiriéndose a actitudes

Sentido IV

A indicando estado, situación

B tener algo/a alguien por algo

■ tener (verbo auxiliar)

Sentido I

A

1 tener que: obligación

2 tener que: propósito

B tener que: certeza

Sentido II

A con participio pasado

B en expresiones de tiempo

■ tenerse (verbo pronominal)

A sostenerse

B tenerse por algo

vt

[El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Éste prefiere la forma `I have a new dress']

Sentido I

A (poseer, disponer de) ‹dinero/trabajo/tiempo› to have

ése ya lo tengo I already have that one, I've already got that one

¿tienen hijos? do they have any children?, have they got any children?

tiene un sueldo muy bueno she earns a very good salary, she is on a very good salary

no tenemos aceitunas we don't have any olives, we haven't got any olives

no tenía bastante dinero I didn't have enough money

no tengo a quién recurrir I have o I've got nobody to turn to

tú no tienes idea de lo que fue you've no idea o you can't imagine what it was like

aquí tienes al autor del delito here's o this is the culprit

¡ahí tienes! ¿ves cómo no se los puede dejar solos? there you are! you see how they can't be left on their own?

¿conque ésas tenemos? so that's the way things are, is it?

no tenerlas todas consigo ( fam): no sé, no las tengo todas conmigo I don't know, I'm not entirely sure o I'm not a hundred percent sure o I'm not at all sure

tenerla con algn (CS fam); to have it in for sb ( colloq)

tenerla con algo (CS fam); to keep o go on about sth ( colloq)

B

1 (llevar encima) to have

¿tienes cambio de $100? do you have change for $100?

no tengo un lápiz I don't have a pencil (on me), I haven't got a pencil (on me)

¿tiene hora? have you got the time?, could you tell me the time?

2 (llevar puesto) to be wearing, have on

¡qué traje más elegante tienes! that's a smart suit you're wearing o you have on!

C (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have

esta noche tengo una fiesta I'm going to o I have a party tonight

los viernes tenemos gimnasia we have keep-fit on Fridays

tenemos invitados a cenar we have o we've got some people coming to dinner

tengo un par de camisas que planchar I have o I've got a couple of shirts to iron

D

1 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] (señalando características, atributos) to have

tiene los ojos castaños/el pelo largo she has o she's got brown eyes/long hair

tiene mucho tacto/valor he's very tactful/brave

tiene habilidad para esas cosas he's very good at that sort of thing

tiene sus defectos he has o he's got his faults

la habitación tiene mucha luz the room is very light o gets a lot of light

tiene cuatro metros de largo por tres de ancho it is four meters long and three meters wide

¿cuánto tienes de cintura? what's your waist measurement?

tiene mucho de su padre he's very much like his father, he takes after his father

tener algo DE algo:

¿y eso qué tiene de malo? and what's (so) bad about that?

no tiene nada de extraño there's nothing strange about it

le lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? ( AmL fam); she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?

2 [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ]

(expresando edad): ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?

tengo cuarenta años I'm forty (years old)

tengo edad para ser tu padre I'm old enough to be your father

el televisor ya tiene muchos años the television set is very old

3

(con idea de posibilidad): no creo que tenga arreglo I don't think it can be fixed, I think it's beyond repair

el problema no tiene solución there is no solution to the problem, the problem is insoluble

E (dar a luz) to have

tener un niño or hijo or bebé to have a child o baby

Sentido II

A (sujetar, sostener) to hold

sube, que yo te tengo la escalera go on up, I'll hold the ladder for you

¿me tienes esto un minuto? could you hold this for a minute?

tenlo derecho hold it upright

B

(tomar): ten la llave take the key, here's the key

Sentido III

A (recibir) to have

hace un mes que no tenemos noticias de él we haven't heard from him for a month

la propuesta tuvo una acogida favorable the proposal was favorably received

tuvo una gran decepción/sorpresa it was a terrible disappointment/a big surprise for her

B

1

(sentir): tengo hambre/sueño/frío I'm hungry/tired/cold

tiene celos de su hermano she's jealous of her brother

no tiene interés por nada she's not interested in anything

le tengo mucho cariño a esta casa I'm very fond of this house

tengo el placer/honor de anunciar … it gives me great pleasure/I have the honor to announce …

¿qué tienes? ¿por qué lloras? what's wrong? o what's the matter? why are you crying?

2 (refiriéndose a síntomas, enfermedades) to have

tengo un dolor de cabeza horrible I have o I've got a terrible headache

¿has tenido las paperas? have you had mumps?

está enfermo, pero no saben qué tiene he's ill, but they don't know what it is o what he's got o what's wrong with him

3 (refiriéndose a sucesos, experiencias) to have

tuvimos un verano muy bueno we had a very good summer

tuve un sueño espantoso I had a terrible dream

que tengas buen viaje have a good trip

tuve una discusión con él I had an argument with him

C

(refiriéndose a actitudes): ten un poco más de respeto have a little more respect

ten paciencia/cuidado be patient/careful

tuvo la gentileza de prestármelo she was kind enough to lend it to me

tuvo la precaución de llamar antes de ir she had the foresight to phone before she went

bien² adv G. (↑ bien (2))

Sentido IV

A (indicando estado, situación) (+ compl):

el sofá tiene el tapizado sucio the upholstery on the sofa is dirty

la mesa tiene una pata rota one of the table legs is broken

tenía el suéter puesto al revés he had his sweater on back to front

tengo las manos sucias my hands are dirty

tenía los ojos cerrados she had her eyes closed

tienes el cinturón desabrochado your belt's undone

lo tengo escondido I have it hidden away

ya lo tiene roto it's already broken o he's broken it already

la tuvo engañada mucho tiempo he was cheating on her for a long time

lo tiene dominado she has him under her thumb

eso me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about that

me tuvo escribiendo a máquina toda la tarde she had me typing all afternoon

nos tuvo allí esperando una hora he kept us waiting there for an hour

a la pobre la tienen de sirvienta they treat the poor girl like a maid

tengo a la niña enferma my little girl's sick

¿en qué mano lo tengo? which hand is it in?

B (considerar) tener algo/a algn POR algo:

se lo tiene por el mejor hospital del país it is supposed to be o it is considered (to be) the best hospital in the country

lo tienen por buen cirujano he's held to be o he's considered (to be) a good surgeon

siempre lo tuve por tímido I always thought he was shy

ten por seguro que lo hará rest assured o you can be sure he'll do it

■

v aux

Sentido I

A

1 (expresando obligación, necesidad) tener QUE + INF:

tengo que terminarlo hoy I have to o I must finish it today

tienes que comer más, estás muy delgada you must eat more, you're very thin

no tienes más que apretar este botón all you have to do is press this button

no tienes que estar allí hasta las nueve you don't have to be there until nine

no tengo por qué darte cuentas a ti I don't have to explain anything to you, I don't owe you any explanations

no tienes que comer tanto (no debes) you mustn't eat so much; (no hace falta) you don't have to eat that much, there's no need to eat that much

tendría que cambiarme, no puedo ir así I'd have to o I ought to o I should change, I can't go like this

2 (expresando propósito, recomendación) tener QUE + INF:

tenemos que ir a ver esa película we must go and see that movie

tengo que hacer ejercicio I must get some exercise

tienes que leerlo, es buenísimo you must read it, it's really good

B (expresando certeza) tener QUE + INF:

tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer

tiene que haber sido él it must have been him

tengo que haberlo dejado en casa I must have left it at home

¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you, didn't it?

ver² vt I. (↑ ver (2))

Sentido II

A

(con participio pasado): ¿tiene previsto asistir al congreso? do you plan to attend the conference?

ya tenían planeada su estrategia they already had their strategy worked out

tengo entendido que llega mañana I understand he's arriving tomorrow

tiene ganado el afecto del público she has won the public's affection

te tengo dicho que eso no me gusta I've told you before I don't like that

teníamos pensado irnos el jueves we intended leaving on Thursday

tiene bastante dinero ahorrado she has quite a lot of money saved up

B

( AmL) (en expresiones de tiempo): cuatro años tenía sin verlo she hadn't seen him for four years

tienen tres años de casados they've been married for three years

■ tenerse

v pron

A

(sostenerse): no podía tenerse en pie he couldn't stand

tiene un sueño que no se tiene ( fam); he's out o dead on his feet ( colloq)

B ( refl) (considerarse) tenerse POR algo:

se tiene por muy inteligente he considers himself to be o he thinks he is very intelligent

* * *

Multiple Entries:
tener
tener algo
tener ( conjugate tener) verbo transitivo El uso de `got' en frases como `I've got a new dress' está mucho más extendido en el inglés británico que en el americano. Este prefiere la forma `I have a new dress'
1
a) (poseer, disponer de) ‹dinero/trabajo/tiempo› to have;

◊ ¿tienen hijos? do they have any children?, have they got any children?;

no tenemos pan we don't have any bread, we haven't got any bread;
tiene el pelo largo she has o she's got long hair
b) ( llevar encima) ‹lápiz/cambio› to have;

◊ ¿tiene hora? have you got the time?

c) (hablando de actividades, obligaciones) to have;

◊ tengo invitados a cenar I have o I've got some people coming to dinner;

tengo cosas que hacer I have o I've got things to do
d) ( dar a luz) ‹bebé/gemelos› to have

2
a) (señalando características, tamaño) to be;

◊ la casa tiene mucha luz the house is very light;

tiene un metro de largo it is one meter long;
le lleva 15 años — ¿y eso qué tiene? (AmL fam) she's 15 years older than he is — so what does that matter?
b) ( señalando edad) to be;

◊ ¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;

tengo veinte años I'm twenty (years old)
3
a) (sujetar, sostener) to hold;

◊ tenlo derecho hold it upright

b) ( tomar):

◊ ten la llave take o here's the key

4
a) ( sentir):

◊ tengo hambre/frío I'm hungry/cold;

le tengo mucho cariño I'm very fond of him;
tengo el placer de … it gives me great pleasure to …
b) ( refiriéndose a enfermedades) ‹gripe/cáncer› to have;

◊ tengo dolor de cabeza I have o I've got a headache

c) ( refiriéndose a experiencias) ‹discusión/accidente› to have;

◊ que tengas buen viaje have a good trip

5 ( refiriéndose a actitudes):
◊ ten más respeto have a little more respect;

ten paciencia/cuidado be patient/careful;
tiene mucho tacto he's very tactful
6 (indicando estado, situación):
◊ la mesa tiene una pata rota one of the table legs is broken;

tengo las manos sucias my hands are dirty;
tienes el cinturón desabrochado your belt's undone;
me tiene muy preocupada I'm very worried about it
tener v aux
1 tener que hacer algo
a) (expresando obligación, necesidad) to have (got) to do sth;

◊ tengo que estudiar hoy I have to o I must study today;

tienes que comer más you ought to eat more
b) (expresando propósito, recomendación):

◊ tenemos que ir a ver esa película we must go and see that movie;

tendrías que llamarlo you should ring him
c) ( expresando certeza):

◊ tiene que estar en este cajón it must be in this drawer;

¡tú tenías que ser! it had to be you!
2 ( con participio pasado):
◊ tengo entendido que sí viene I understand he is coming;

te tengo dicho que … I've told you before (that) …;
teníamos pensado irnos hoy we intended leaving today
3 (AmL) ( en expresiones de tiempo):
◊ tienen tres años de casados they've been married for three years;

tenía un año sin verlo she hadn't seen him for a year
tenerse verbo pronominal ( sostenerse):
◊ no podía tenerse en pie he couldn't stand;

no tenerse de sueño to be dead on one's feet
tener
I verbo transitivo
1 (poseer, disfrutar) to have, have got: tengo muy buena memoria, I have a very good memory
no tiene coche, he hasn't got a car
tiene dos hermanas, he has two sisters
tiene mucho talento, he's very talented
no tenemos suficiente dinero, we don't have enough money
(ser dueño de) to own: tiene una cadena de hoteles, he owns a chain of hotels ➣ Ver nota en have 2 (contener) to contain: esta bebida no tiene alcohol, this drink doesn't contain alcohol
3 (asir, sujetar) to hold: la tenía en brazos, she was carrying her in her arms
4 (hospedar) tiene a su suegra en casa, his mother-in-law is staying with them
5 (juzgar, considerar) la tengo por imposible, I regard her as a hopeless case
nos tienen por tontos, they think we are stupid
tenlo por seguro, you can be sure
6 (pasar el tiempo de cierta manera) to have: he tenido un día espantoso, I've had a dreadful day
7 (padecer, sentir) tiene celos, he's jealous
tengo hambre/sed, I'm hungry/thirsty
ten paciencia conmigo, be patient with me
tengo un dolor de cabeza terrible, I have a terrible headache
8 (profesar) to have: me tiene cariño, he is very fond of me
no le tengo ningún respeto, I have no respect for him
9 (años, tiempo) to be: el bebé tiene ocho días, the baby is eight days old
(medidas) la cama tiene metro y medio de ancho, the bed is one and a half metres wide
10 (mantener) to keep: no sabe tener la boca cerrada, she can't keep her mouth shut
nos tuvo dos horas esperando, he kept us waiting for two hours
tiene su habitación muy ordenada, he keeps his room very tidy
me tiene preocupada, I'm worried about him
11 ( tener que + infinitivo) tengo que hacerlo, I must do it
tienes que tomarte las pastillas, you have to take your pills
tendrías que habérselo dicho, you ought to have told her ➣ Ver nota en must
II verbo aux to have: mira que te lo tengo dicho veces, I've told you time and time again
Tener tiene dos traducciones básicas: to have o to have got. Esta segunda se usa casi únicamente para expresar posesión y solo en el presente: Tengo un coche nuevo. I have got a new car.
La primera se usa en sentido más general: Va a tener un problema. He's going to have a problem. Recuerda que la forma interrogativa de I have got es have I got?, mientras que la forma interrogativa de I have es do I have?
Cuando tener significa sentir, se traduce por el verbo to be: Tengo hambre. I am hungry.

' tener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abrigar
- abuela
- abundar
- acarrear
- accidente
- acostumbrar
- admirar
- adolecer
- agobiarse
- añorar
- antena
- apetecer
- apremiar
- aptitud
- arcada
- arte
- banco
- bombera
- bombero
- burbuja
- cabida
- cabronada
- cacao
- caer
- cagalera
- calor
- cantar
- capaz
- carácter
- carrete
- celebrarse
- céntimo
- certeza
- certidumbre
- ciega
- ciego
- conciencia
- conllevar
- consecuencia
- constar
- contingente
- corazón
- correa
- correrse
- cosa
- cosquillas
- costar
- creer
- cruda
- crudo
English:
access
- accommodate
- act
- add up
- afraid
- agree
- aim to
- allow for
- allowance
- approve of
- around
- associate
- attached
- augment
- authoritarian
- ax
- axe
- barrel
- be
- bear
- bear with
- bearing
- begrudge
- believe in
- belong
- beware
- boast
- bone
- boomerang
- breathing space
- broody
- brush
- butterfly
- calculate
- careful
- celebrate
- clash
- clever
- come off
- command
- connected
- conscience
- consider
- consideration
- count
- crash
- date
- daunt
- debt
- depend

* * *

tener

♦ vt

1. [poseer, disfrutar de] [objeto, cualidad, elemento, parentesco] to have;

no tengo televisor/amigos I haven't got o I don't have a television/any friends;

¿tienes un bolígrafo? have you got o do you have a pen?;

¿tiene usted hora? have you got the time?;

tenemos un mes para terminarlo we've got a month in which to finish it;

tiene el pelo corto, ojos azules y gafas she has (got) short hair, blue eyes and she wears glasses;

muchos no tienen trabajo o [m5] empleo a lot of people are out of work;

el documental no tiene mucho interés the documentary is not very interesting;

¿cuántas habitaciones tiene? how many rooms has it got o does it have?;

¿tienes hermanos? have you got o do you have any brothers or sisters?;

tengo un hermano I've got o I have a brother;

tener un niño to have a baby;

no tienen hijos they haven't got o don't have any children;
RP Fam
tener algo a bocha [en gran cantidad] to have tons o loads of sth;

Comp

¿conque ésas tenemos?, ¿ahora no quieres ayudar? so that's the deal, is it? you don't want to help now, then;

Comp

no las tiene todas consigo he is not too sure about it;

Comp
muy Fam
tenerlos bien puestos to have guts;

Prov

tanto tienes, tanto vales you are what you own

2. [padecer, realizar, experimentar] to have;

tener fiebre to have a temperature;

tiene cáncer/el sida she has (got) cancer/AIDS;

doctor, ¿qué tengo? what's wrong with me, doctor?;

no tienes nada (grave) it's nothing (serious), there's nothing (seriously) wrong with you;

tuvieron una pelea/reunión they had a fight/meeting;

tengo las vacaciones en agosto my holidays are in August;

mañana no tenemos clase we don't have to go to school tomorrow, there's no school tomorrow;

¡que tengan buen viaje! have a good journey!;

no he tenido un buen día I haven't had a good day;

tiene lo que se merece she's got what she deserves

3. [medida, años, sensación, sentimiento] to be;

tiene 3 metros de ancho it's 3 metres wide;

¿cuántos años tienes? how old are you?;

tiene diez años she's ten (years old);
Am
tengo tres años aquí I've been here for three years;

tener hambre/miedo to be hungry/afraid;

tener suerte/mal humor to be lucky/bad-tempered;

tengo un dolor de espalda terrible I have a terrible backache;

tengo alergia al polvo I'm allergic to dust;

me tienen cariño/envidia they're fond/jealous of me;

le tiene lástima he feels sorry for her;

tengo ganas de llorar I feel like crying

4. [hallarse o hacer estar en cierto estado]
tenía la cara pálida her face was pale;

tienes una rueda pinchada you've got a Br puncture o US flat;

tienes la corbata torcida your tie isn't straight;

me tuvo despierto it kept me awake;

eso la tiene despistada/preocupada that has her confused/worried;

esto la tendrá ocupada un rato this will keep her busy for a while;

un psicópata tiene atemorizada a la población a psychopath is terrorizing the population;

nos tuvieron una hora en comisaría they kept us at the police station for an hour;

me tuvo esperando una hora she kept me waiting an hour;

nos tuvieron toda la noche viendo vídeos they made us watch videos all night;

la tienen como o [m5] de encargada en un restaurante she's employed as a manageress in a restaurant

5. [sujetar] to hold;

tenlo por el asa hold it by the handle;

¿puedes tenerme esto un momento? could you hold this for me a minute?;

ten los brazos en alto hold your arms up high

6. [tomar]
ten el libro que me pediste here's the book you asked me for;

¡aquí tienes!, ¡ten! here you are!;

ahí tienes la respuesta there's your answer

7. [recibir] [mensaje, regalo, visita, sensación] to get;

tuve una carta suya I got o had a letter from her;

el que llegue primero tendrá un premio whoever arrives first will get a prize;

tendrás noticias mías you'll hear from me;

tenemos invitados/a la familia a cenar we've got guests/the family over for dinner;

tendrá una sorpresa he'll get a surprise;

tenía/tuve la impresión de que… I had/got the impression that…;

tuve una verdadera desilusión I was really disappointed

8. [valorar, estimar]
tener en mucho/poco a alguien to think a lot/not to think very much of sb;

me tienen por tonto they think I'm stupid;
Formal
tener a bien hacer algo to be kind enough to do sth;

les ruego tengan a bien considerar mi candidatura para el puesto de… I would be grateful if you would consider my application for the post of…

9. [guardar, contener] to keep;

¿dónde tienes las joyas/el dinero? where do you keep the jewels/money?;

¿dónde tendré las gafas? where can my glasses be?;

la botella tenía un mensaje the bottle had a message inside;

esta cuenta no tiene fondos there are no funds in this account

10. RP Fam
tenerla con algo/alguien to go on about sth/sb;

¡cómo la tenés con tu vecino! you're always going on about your neighbour!;

¡cómo la tiene con el auto que se va a comprar! he's always going on about the car he's going to buy!;

¡cómo la tiene el jefe contigo! the boss really has it in for you!

♦ v aux

1. [antes de participio] [haber]
teníamos pensado ir al teatro we had thought of going to the theatre, we had intended to go to the theatre;

¿cuánto tienes hecho de la tesis? how much of your thesis have you (got) done?;

te tengo dicho que no pises los charcos I've told you before not to step in puddles;

tengo entendido que se van a casar I understand (that) they are going to get married

2.
tener que: [indica obligación] [m5] tener que hacer algo to have to do sth;

tenía/tuve que hacerlo I had to do it;

¿tienes que irte? do you have to go?, have you got to go?;

tienes que esforzarte más you must try harder;

tiene que ser así it has to be this way;

tenemos que salir de aquí we have (got) to o need to get out of here, we must get out of here;

teníamos que haber hecho esto antes we should have o ought to have done this before;

no tienes que disculparte you needn't apologize, you don't need to apologize;

si quieres algo, no tienes más que pedirlo if you want something, all you have to do is ask;

no tienes por qué venir, si no quieres you don't have to come if you don't want to

3.
tener que: [indica propósito, consejo] [m5] tenemos que ir a cenar un día we ought to o should go for dinner some time;

tienes que ir a ver esa película you must see that movie;

tenías que haber visto cómo corría you should have seen him run;

tendrías que dejar de fumar you ought to give up smoking

4.
tener que: [indica probabilidad] [m5] ya tienen que haber llegado they must have o should have arrived by now;

las llaves tienen que andar por aquí the keys must be round here somewhere;

tendría que haber terminado hace rato she should have o ought to have finished some time ago;

tenía que ser él, no podía ser otro it had to be him, it couldn't have been anyone else

5.
tener que ver: tener que ver con algo/alguien to have to do with sth/sb;

actitudes que tienen que ver con la falta de educación attitudes which are related to a lack of education;

se apellida Siqueiros, pero no tiene que ver con el pintor his surname is Siqueiros, but he's got nothing to do with the painter;

¿qué tiene eso que ver conmigo? what has that got to do with me?;

no tener nada que ver con algo/alguien to have nothing to do with sth/sb;

lo que digo no tiene nada que ver con eso what I'm saying has nothing to do with that;

aunque los dos vinos sean Rioja, no tienen nada que ver even if both wines are Riojas, there's no comparison between them;

¿qué tiene que ver que sea mujer para que haga bien su trabajo? what's her being a woman got to do with whether or not she does a good job?;

es un poco tarde, ¿no? – ¿y qué tiene que ver? it's a bit late, isn't it? – so what?;

tener que ver en algo to be involved in sth;

dicen que la CIA tuvo que ver en ello rumour has it the CIA were involved;

¿has tenido tú algo que ver en esto? have you had something to do with this?

♦ See also the pronominal verb tenerse

* * *

tener

v/t

1 have;

tener 10 años be 10 (years old);

tener un metro de ancho/largo be one meter wide/long o in width/length

2

:

ha tenido un niño she’s had a little boy

3

:

tener a alguien por algo regard s.o. as sth, consider s.o. to be sth

4

:

tengo que madrugar I must get up early, I have to o I’ve got to get up early;

tuve que madrugar I had to get up early

5

:

conque ¿esas tenemos? so that’s how it is o things stand, eh?;

no tuvo a bien saludarme he did not see fit to greet me;

no las tengo todas conmigo fam I’m not one hundred per cent sure;

eso me tiene nervioso that makes me nervous

* * *

tener {80} vt

1) : to have

tiene ojos verdes: she has green eyes

tengo mucho que hacer: I have a lot to do

tiene veinte años: he's twenty years old

tiene un metro de largo: it's one meter long

2) : to hold

ten esto un momento: hold this for a moment

3) : to feel, to make

tengo frío: I'm cold

eso nos tiene contentos: that makes us happy

4)

tener por : to think, to consider

me tienes por loco: you think I'm crazy

tener v aux

1)

tener que : to have to

tengo que salir: I have to leave

tiene que estar aquí: it has to be here, it must be here

2) (with past participle)

tenía pensado escribirte: I've been thinking of writing to you

♦ See also the reflexive verb tenerse

* * *

tener vb

1. (en general) to have

¿tienes hermanos? have you any brothers or sisters?

tiene el pelo largo she has long hair

tenía dolor de cabeza I had a headache

tuve un sueño I had a dream

En el presente, sobre todo en inglés hablado, se puede emplear have got en vez de have, por ejemplo, have you got any brothers or sisters?

2. (edad, tamaño) to be

tiene quince años she's fifteen years old

la habitación tiene cuatro metros de largo the room is four metres long

Muchas veces se utiliza el verbo to be y el sustantivo se traduce con un adjetivo

tengo calor I'm hot

tengo hambre I'm hungry

tengo miedo I'm afraid

tengo sed I'm thirsty

aquí tienes here you are

tener pensado hacer algo to intend doing something

tener que to have to

tengo que ir a trabajar I have to go to work

tienes que estudiar más you have to study more

tener que ver to have to do with / to concern

no tiene nada que ver contigo it's got nothing to do with you / it doesn't concern you

Spanish-English dictionary > tener
10 sin

prep.

without.

buscan gente sin experiencia previa they are looking for people with no o without previous experience

sin alcohol alcohol-free

ha escrito cinco libros sin (contar) las novelas he has written five books, not counting his novels

está sin hacer it hasn't been done yet

estamos sin vino we're out of wine

muchos se quedaron sin casa a lot of people were left homeless, a lot of people lost their homes

lleva tres noches sin dormir she hasn't slept for three nights

sin que without

sin que nadie se enterara without anyone noticing

sin más (ni más) just like that

m.

INS, Immigration and Naturalization Service.

* * *

sin

► preposición

1 (carencia) without

2 (además de) not counting

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar sin algo to be out of something

■ estamos sin leche we're out of milk

estar sin + inf not to have been + past participle

■ está sin planchar it hasn't been ironed

■ estaba todo sin acabar it was all unfinished

■ estoy sin comer nada desde las ocho I haven't eaten anything since eight o'clock

quedarse sin algo to run out of something

seguir sin to still not

■ sigue sin saberlo she still doesn't know

■ sigo sin entenderlo I still can't understand it

sin casar unmarried

sin lo cual otherwise

sin más ni más without further ado

sin que + subjuntivo without + - ing

■ entró sin que lo oyéramos he came in without us hearing him

sin querer accidentally, by mistake

■ lo hizo sin querer he didn't mean to do it

sin vergüenza shameless

* * *

prep.

without

- sin embargo

* * *

1. PREP

1) [seguido de sustantivo, pronombre] without

¿puedes abrirla sin llave? — can you open it without a key?

lo hice sin la ayuda de nadie — I did it without anybody's help

llevamos diez meses sin noticias — it's been ten months since we've had any news, we've been ten months without news

parejas jóvenes, sin hijos — young couples with no children

cerveza sin alcohol — alcohol-free beer, non-alcoholic beer

un producto sin disolventes — a solvent-free product

un vestido sin tirantes — a strapless dress

los sin techo — the homeless

un hombre sin escrúpulos — an unscrupulous man

agua mineral sin gas — still mineral water

• estar sin algo, estuvimos varias horas sin luz — we had no electricity for several hours

estoy sin dinero — I've got no money

• quedarse sin algo — (=terminarse) to run out of sth; (=perder) to lose sth

me he quedado sin cerillas — I've run out of matches

se ha quedado sin trabajo — he's lost his job

sin papeles — SMF illegal immigrant

2) (=no incluyendo) not including, excluding

ese es el precio de la bañera sin los grifos — that is the price of the bath, excluding o not including the taps

cuesta 550 euros, sin IVA — it costs 550 euros, exclusive of VAT o not including VAT

3) + infin

a) [indicando acción]

se fueron sin despedirse — they left without saying goodbye

murió sin haber hecho testamento — he died without having made a will

nos despedimos, no sin antes recordarles que... — (TV) before saying goodnight we'd like to remind you that...

no me gusta estar sin hacer nada — I don't like having nothing to do, I don't like doing nothing

b) [indicando continuidad]

son las doce y el cartero sin venir — it's twelve o'clock and the postman still hasn't come

• llevan mucho tiempo sin hablarse — they haven't spoken to each other for a long time

llevamos dos meses sin cobrar — we haven't been paid for two months

• seguir sin, las camas seguían sin hacer — the beds still hadn't been made

sigo sin entender para qué sirven — I still don't understand what they are for

c) [tras sustantivo pasivo]

un montón de recibos sin pagar — a pile of unpaid bills

4)

• sin que — + subjun without

salieron sin que nadie se diera cuenta — they left without anyone realizing

sin que él lo sepa — without him knowing, without his knowing

no lo haré sin que me lo pidan — I won't do it unless they ask me to

2.

SF (=cerveza sin alcohol) alcohol-free beer

* * *

preposición

1) without

lo tomo sin azúcar — I don't take sugar

seguimos sin noticias — we still haven't had any news

sin previo aviso — with no advance warning

salta! sin miedo! — jump! don't be scared!

agua mineral sin gas — still mineral water

cerveza sin alcohol — non-alcoholic beer, alcohol-free beer

una pareja sin hijos — a couple with no children, a childless couple

me quedé sin pan — I ran out of bread

se quedó sin trabajo — he lost his job

2)

a)

sin + inf — ( con significado activo) without -ing

se fue sin pagar — he left without paying

son diez sin contar éstos — there are ten not counting these (ones)

estuvo una semana sin hablarme — she didn't speak to me for a week

sigo sin entender — I still don't understand

la pisé sin querer — I accidentally trod on her foot

a la cama sin cenar — off to bed without dinner

b)

sin + inf — ( con significado pasivo)

preguntas sin contestar — unanswered questions

esto está aún sin terminar — it still isn't finished

3)

sin que + subj: no voy a ir sin que me inviten I'm not going if I haven't been invited; quítaselo sin que se dé cuenta — get it off him without his o without him noticing

* * *

= without.

Ex. Without AACR is doubtful whether computerised cataloguing would have been implemented so relatively painlessly and successfully = Sin las RCAA es dudoso que la catalogación automatizada se hubiera implementado tan fácilmente y con tanto éxito, relativamente hablando.

----

* abogado sin escrúpulos = shyster.

* acercarse sin ser visto = sidle up to.

* afable pero sin sinceridad = suave.

* agua sin gas = still water.

* andar sin prisa = mosey.

* arreglárselas sin = live without, get along without.

* aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.

* barato pero sin avergonzarse de ello = cheap and cheerful.

* biblioteca sin muros = library without walls.

* biblioteca sin paredes = library without walls.

* bordado sin consido = needlepoint lace.

* callejón sin salida = blind alley, catch 22, cul-de-sac, dead end, impasse.

* camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.

* casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.

* coche sin caballos = horseless carriage automobile, horseless carriage.

* colocado sin escalón entre pieza y pieza = edge-flush.

* continuar sin detenerse = go straight ahead.

* conversación sin trascendencia = small-talk.

* decir rápidamente sin parar = rattle off.

* dejar a Alguien sin aliento = leave + Nombre + breathless.

* dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.

* dejar sin hacer = leave + undone.

* dejar sin referente a una referencia anafórica = dangle + anaphoric reference.

* dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone.

* dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.

* demanda sin variaciones = inelastic demand.

* demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.

* demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.

* demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt.

* desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.

* estar sin vivir = be worried sick.

* evaluación sin intervención del examinador = unobtrusive testing.

* hablando sin rodeos = crudely put.

* hablar sin parar = burble on.

* hablar sin ser entendido = speak in + tongues.

* hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.

* homicidio sin premeditación = manslaughter.

* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.

* lanzarse sin ton ni son = dive + head-first.

* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.

* medicamento sin receta médica = over the counter medicine.

* método de la media sin ponderar = unweighted means method.

* nación sin estado = stateless nation.

* noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.

* no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.

* no miel sin hiel = no pain, no gain.

* no sin fundamento = not without basis.

* oficina sin papel = paperless office.

* papel sin acidez = acid-free paper.

* pasar desadvertido, pasar sin ser visto = sneak under + the radar.

* pasar sin = live without, live without.

* pasar sin ser visto = go + unnoticed.

* película sin fin = filmloop [film loop/film-loop].

* permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.

* permanecer sin especificar = remain + undefined.

* pero sin conseguirlo = but no dice.

* pero sin suerte = but no dice.

* persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.

* personas sin hogar = homelessness.

* personas sin techo = homelessness.

* político sin escrúpulos = shyster.

* pozo sin fondo = bottomless pit.

* pregunta sin respuesta = unanswerable question.

* publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.

* quedarse sin aliento = run out of + breath.

* quedarse sin habla = stun into + speechlessness.

* quedarse sin negocio = go out of + business.

* quedarse sin palabras = stun into + speechlessness.

* rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.

* referencia anafórica sin referente = dangling anaphoric reference.

* rima sin sentido = nonsense, nonsense verse.

* salir sin ser visto = slip out.

* sin abrir = unopened.

* sin abrirse = unfolded.

* sin abrochar = undone.

* sin acabar = unfinished.

* sin acentuar = unaccented.

* sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.

* sin adornos = unadorned, unvarnished.

* sin afectar = unaffected.

* sin afeitar = unshaven.

* sin afeitar desde hace varios días = stubbly [stubblier -comp., stubbliest -sup.].

* sin afiliación a un partido político = non-partisan [nonpartisan].

* sin afiliación religiosa = non-sectarian [nonsectarian].

* sin agua = waterless.

* sin aguja = needleless.

* sin ajustar = unadjusted, loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin alcohol = alcoholfree.

* sin aliento = breathlessly, breathless.

* sin alinear = unjustified.

* sin alterar = unaltered, unmodified.

* sin ambigüedad = unambiguous.

* sin amor = loveless.

* sin analizar = unexamined, unanalysed.

* sin ánimo = despondently.

* sin ánimo de lucro = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making, not-for-profit, generously.

* sin apenas ser oído = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin apoyo = unsupported.

* sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin árboles = treeless.

* sin arreglo = beyond repair.

* sin arrepentimiento = no-looking-back.

* sin asignar = unallocated.

* sin asignar todavía = unassigned.

* sin asimilar = undigested.

* sin atajar = unconfronted.

* sin atractivo = unattractive.

* sin atrasos = paid-up, in good standing.

* sin autorización = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], unlicensed.

* sin avergonzarse = unashamed.

* sin avisar = unannounced, out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* sin aviso previo = without warning.

* sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.

* sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* sin barba = beardless.

* sin barnizar = unvarnished.

* sin base = unsupported, ill-founded.

* sin blanca = broke, skint.

* sin blanquear = unbleached.

* sin blindar = unshielded.

* sin bombo(s) ni platillo(s) = without much ado.

* sin brillo = dull, tarnished.

* sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.

* sin cables = wireless.

* sin cafeina = decaffeinated.

* sin calorías = calorieless.

* sin cambio = inviolate.

* sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* sin cancelar = uncancelled.

* sin canjear = unredeemed.

* sin cansancio = indefatigably.

* sin capacidad de discernimiento = undiscriminating.

* sin cara = faceless.

* sin carácter = boneless, spineless.

* sin carne = meatless.

* sin castigo = impunitive, unpunished.

* sin catalogar = uncatalogued [uncataloged, -USA].

* sin causa alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin causa aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin causa justificada = without justified reason.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* sin ceremonias = unceremonious, unceremoniously.

* sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.

* sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.

* sin cesar = steadily.

* sin clases sociales = classless.

* sin clavos = studless.

* sin clemencia = mercilessly.

* sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.

* sin cohesión = scrappily, scrappy [scrappier -comp., scrappiest -sup.], bitty [bittier -comp., bittiest -sup.].

* sin cohibiciones = unselfconsciously.

* sin cola = ecaudate.

* sin columnas = single-column.

* sin comentar = unannotated.

* sin comerlo ni beberlo = without having anything to do with it.

* sin comérselo ni bebérselo = without having anything to do with it.

* sin compasión = mercilessly.

* sin complicaciones = smoothly, boilerplate [boiler plate], uncomplicated, straightforward, uncomplicatedly, hassle-free.

* sin comprimir = uncompressed.

* sin comprobar = untested.

* sin compromiso = without obligation, fancy-free.

* sin compromisos = with no strings attached.

* sin concluir = unfinished.

* sin concretar = to be decided.

* sin condiciones = unconditionally.

* sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.

* sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unsubstantiated, unvalidated, to be confirmed.

* sin conocer = ignorant of.

* sin conocimiento = unconscious.

* sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.

* sin conservar información sobre las consultas realizadas anteriormente = stateless.

* sin conservar información sobre las consultas realizadas anterior = stateless.

* sin constancia de ello = unrecorded.

* sin consumir = nonconsumptive.

* sin contacto = non-contact.

* sin contaminar = untainted, uncontaminated.

* sin contar = not including, excluding.

* sin contar con = in the absence of.

* sin contenido = contentless, trivial.

* sin contratiempos = smoothly.

* sin control = uncontrolled.

* sin controlar = unsupervised.

* sin convicción = doubtfully, lamely.

* sin coordinación = uncoordinated [unco-ordinated].

* sin corregir = unamended, uncorrected, unrevised.

* sin correlacionar = uncorrelated.

* sin corroborar = unsubstantiated.

* sin cortapisas = untrammelled.

* sin cortar = uncut.

* sin coscarse = without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin costas = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin coste alguno = at no personal cost, at no cost, without cost, costless, without charge, free of charge, free of cost, cost free, for free, at no charge.

* sin costo adicional alguno = at no extra charge, at no extra cost, at no extra charge.

* sin costuras = seamless.

* sin crecimiento = non-growth.

* sin créditos = non-credit.

* sin criterio alguno = indiscriminate, indiscriminately.

* sin cuajar = runny [runnier -comp., runniest -sup.].

* sin cuantificar = unmeasured.

* sin cubrir = unfilled.

* sin cuestionarlo = uncritically.

* sin cultura = uncultured.

* sin daños = undamaged.

* sin dar basto = left, right and centre.

* sin darle importancia = airily.

* sin darme cuenta = before I know what's happened.

* sin darnos cuenta = out of sight.

* sin darse cuenta = inadvertently, unwittingly, unknowingly, without realising, without noticing, unconsciously.

* sin debatir = undiscussed.

* sin decir nada = dumbly.

* sin decir ni mú = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin decir ni pío = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin decir una palabra = without saying a word.

* sin defecto = untainted, unblemished.

* sin dejar huella = into thin air.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* sin dejar rastro = into thin air.

* sin dejarse amedrentar por = undaunted by.

* sin dejarse amilanar por = undaunted by.

* sin dejarse desanimar = undaunted.

* sin dejarse intimidar por = undaunted by.

* sin delimitar = unmapped.

* sin demora = on the spot, straight away, without delay, at short notice, promptly, right away, at once.

* sin demorarse un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin demoras = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.

* sin desarrollar = undeveloped.

* sin descansar = without (a) rest.

* sin descanso = relentlessly, restlessly, breathlessly, unabated, without a break, without (a) rest, day in and day out, without respite.

* sin descanso, sin un descanso, sin parar, sin descansar, sin interrupción = without a break.

* sin descubrir = undiscovered.

* sin descuento = undiscounted.

* sin desdoblarse = unfolded.

* sin desearlo = unwantedly.

* sin desgastar = unworn.

* sin desperdiciar un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin determinación de culpabilidad = no-fault.

* sin determinar = undefined.

* sin detonar = unexploded.

* sin deudas = debt free.

* sin dientes = toothless.

* sin diferencias = undifferentiated.

* sin dificultad = without difficulty.

* sin dificultad alguna = without a hitch.

* sin diluir = undiluted.

* sin dinero = impecunious.

* sin dinero en metálico = cashless.

* sin discapacidad = able-bodied.

* sin discapacidades = able-bodied.

* sin disciplina = undisciplined, ill-disciplined.

* sin discriminar = indiscriminate, on equal terms.

* sin discutir = no arguments!, undiscussed.

* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.

* sin disolver = undiluted.

* sin disponer de = in the absence of.

* sin división espacial = spatially unstructured.

* sin doblarse = unfolded.

* sin documentar = undocumented.

* sin dolor = painless.

* sin domicilio fijo = of no fixed abode.

* sin drenar = undrained.

* sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.

* sin duda alguna = without any doubt.

* sin dudar = without a doubt.

* sin dudarlo = without hesitation.

* sin editar = unedited.

* sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin embargo = however, nevertheless, still, yet, that being said, all this said.

* sin emitir humo = smokeless.

* sin empleo = jobless.

* sin encuadernar = unbound.

* sin energía = lethargic.

* sin engorros = hassle-free.

* sin entallar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin enterrar = unburied.

* sin entusiasmo = half-hearted [halfhearted].

* sin envolver = unwrapped.

* sin errores = error-free.

* sin escatimar = without stint, unstintingly.

* sin escenificar = unproduced.

* sin escrúpulos = unscrupulous, unconscionable, without scruples, unprincipled.

* sin escurrir = undrained.

* sin esfuerzo = effortless, effortlessly.

* sin esfuerzo alguno = effortlessly.

* sin especializar = non-specialised.

* sin especificar = unspecified.

* sin esperanza = hopeless, dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* sin esperarlo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* sin espinas = boneless.

* sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

* sin estilo = dowdy [dowdier -comp., dowdiest -sup.].

* sin estructura = unstructured.

* sin estudios = ill-educated.

* sin evaluar = unevaluated.

* sin examinar = unexamined.

* sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.

* sin excepción = without exception, without fail.

* sin excesivo rigor = loosely.

* sin excusa justificada = unexcused.

* sin existencias = out-of-stock.

* sin éxito = unsuccessful.

* sin experiencia = inexperience, callow [callower -comp., callowest -sup.].

* sin explicar = unexplained.

* sin explorar = unexplored.

* sin explotar = untapped, unexploded.

* sin extras = no-frills.

* sin fallar = without fail.

* sin fallos = flawlessly.

* sin falta = without fail.

* sin fecha = undated.

* sin fechar = undated.

* sin fianza = without bail.

* sin fin = never-finishing, never-ending, bottomless, interminably, unending.

* sin finalidad = purposeless.

* sin financiación = unfunded.

* sin fines lucrativos = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making.

* sin firma = unsigned.

* sin firmar = unsigned.

* sin fondo = bottomless.

* sin forma = bodilessly, formless.

* sin formación = ill-educated.

* sin formación previa = untrained.

* sin forrar = uncovered.

* sin fronteras = borderless.

* sin fundamento = unwarranted, unsupported, ungrounded, without foundation, without basis.

* sin fundamento alguno = without any basis.

* sin ganas = half-heartedly.

* sin gastos = no cost(s).

* sin grabar = unengraved.

* sin gracia = dowdy [dowdier -comp., dowdiest -sup.].

* sin grasa = nonfat.

* sin grasas = nonfat, fat free.

* sin guardar una correlación = uncorrelated.

* sin haber contacto = non-contact.

* sin haber pasado por la calandria = uncalendered.

* sin habla = speechless.

* sin hacer = undone.

* sin hacer caso = regardless.

* sin hacer distinciones = one size fits all.

* sin hacer ruido = as quiet as a mouse, furtively, softly.

* sin herrar = unshod.

* sin hilación = rambling.

* sin hogar = homeless.

* sin hueso = boneless.

* sin humo = smokeless.

* sin humor = humourless [humorless, -USA].

* sin humos = smoke-free.

* sin idea = clueless.

* sin ideas preconcebidas = open mind.

* sin identificar = unidentified, unmapped, unnamed.

* sin igual = unequalled, unexampled, unsurpassed, unique unto itself, unrivalled [unrivaled, -USA], without equal, matchless.

* sin impedimentos = unimpeded.

* sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.

* sin importar = regardless of, independently of, disregarding.

* sin importar + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* sin importar el tiempo = all-weather.

* sin importar las consecuencias = regardless of the consequences.

* sin importar qué = no matter what/which.

* sin impuestos = duty-free, tax-free.

* sin impurezas = purified.

* sin incluir = unlisted, exclusive of, not including, excluding.

* sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.

* sin índice = indexless.

* sin + Infinitivo = without + Gerundio.

* sin información sobre el estado anterior = stateless.

* sin inhibiciones = uninhibited.

* sin inmutarse = undeterred, impassively, without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin intención = involuntarily.

* sin interés = unexciting, uninteresting, unmoving, vapid.

* sin interrupción = continuously, without a break, without (a) rest, in an unbroken line.

* sin interrupciones = in a single phase.

* sin intervención de un intermediario = disintermediated.

* sin intervención directa = nonobtrusive.

* sin investigar = unresearched.

* sin justificación = unreasonably, unjustified.

* sin justificación alguna = wantonly.

* sin justificar = unjustified.

* sin la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).

* sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handed, single-handedly.

* sin la debida autorización = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], warrantless.

* sin la debida consideración = without due consideration.

* sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la más mínima duda = beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.

* sin la menor idea = clueless.

* sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la suficiente financiación = underfinanced [under-financed].

* sin lavar = unwashed.

* sin leer = unread.

* sin levadura = unleavened.

* sin licencia = unlicensed.

* sin líder = leaderless.

* sin limitaciones = without stint, without limit.

* sin límite = without limit, without stint, interminably.

* sin límite(s) = unbounded, unfettered, unstinting, unstintingly, the sky is the limit.

* sin litoral = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.

* sin lógica ni explicación = without rhyme or reason.

* sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.

* sin lujos = no-frills.

* sin luna = moonless.

* sin luz de luna = moonless.

* sin madera = woodfree.

* sin madurar = unripened.

* sin maldad = guileless.

* sin malicia = guileless.

* sin mancha = unblemished, untainted, stainless.

* sin mangas = sleeveless.

* sin mantenimiento = maintenance-free.

* sin marcar = unpriced.

* sin marca registrada = non-proprietary.

* sin más = out of hand, unceremoniously, unceremonious.

* sin más dilación = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado, without warning.

* sin más ni más = unceremoniously, unceremonious, for the love of it, without much ado.

* sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.

* sin medir = unmeasured.

* sin mencionar = not to mention, not to say, not to speak of.

* sin meternos en el hecho de que = to say nothing of.

* sin mezcla = unmixed.

* sin mezclar = unmixed.

* sin miedo = with confidence.

* sin miramientos = unceremoniously.

* sin misericordia = ruthlessly.

* sin modificar = unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* sin molestias = hassle-free.

* sin motivo alguno = wantonly.

* sin motivo aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin motivo justificado = without justified reason.

* sin moverse del sitio = in place.

* sin movimiento = unmoving, motionless.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin nada de gracia = unfunny.

* sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

* sin necesidad de ello = gratuitous, gratuitously.

* sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.

* sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.

* sin ningún cosste = without cost.

* sin ningún coste = without charge, free of charge, at no cost, free of cost, cost free, for free, costless, at no charge.

* sin ningún esfuerzo = effortlessly.

* sin ningún esfuerzo mental = thought-free.

* sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever, without any doubt whatsoever.

* sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.

* sin ningún motivo = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.

* sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* sin ningún remedio posible = beyond redemption.

* sin ningún reparo = unabashed.

* sin ningún resultado = to no avail, without any avail, of no avail.

* sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.

* sin nombrar = unnamed.

* sin norte = aimless, off course, rudderless.

* sin notar la diferencia = seamlessly, seamless.

* sin nubes = unclouded, uncloudy, cloudless.

* sin numeración = unnumbered.

* sin numerar = unnumbered.

* sin obligaciones = at leisure.

* sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded, unobstructed.

* sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.

* sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.

* sin olor = odourless [odorless, -USA].

* sin olvidar = not to mention.

* sin operario = unmanned.

* sin oposición = without opposition, unchallenged, unopposed.

* sin orden = unordered.

* sin ordenar = unordered, unsorted.

* sin orden ni concierto = higgledy-piggledy, without rhyme or reason.

* sin originalidad = unoriginal.

* sin palabras = wordless.

* sin papel = paperless.

* sin par = unequalled, unexampled, unsurpassed, unique unto itself, unique, without peer, unrivalled [unrivaled, -USA], without equal, matchless.

* sin paralelo = unparalleled.

* sin parangón = unparalleled, unequalled, without peer, matchless.

* sin parar = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, on-the-go, interminably, without respite, without stopping.

* sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].

* sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sin patente = non-proprietary.

* sin pausa = breathlessly.

* sin peculio = impecunious.

* sin peligro alguno = safely.

* sin pelo = hairless.

* sin pelos en la lengua = outspokenly.

* sin pensar = mindlessly.

* sin pensar (en) = unmindful of, with little or no thought of, without thinking (about).

* sin pensarlo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.

* sin pensarlo demasiado = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sin pensarlo detenidamente = out of + Posesivo + head.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat.

* sin pensárselo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.

* sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.

* sin pepitas = seedless.

* sin percatarse = without realising, without noticing, unconsciously, unknowingly, unwittingly.

* sin perder de vista = with an eye on.

* sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin pérdida = lossless.

* sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.

* sin perjuicios = open mind.

* sin permiso = without permission, unlicensed.

* sin pestañear = impassively, without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin pico = flat-topped.

* sin piedad = ruthlessly, remorseless, mercilessly.

* sin piel = skinless.

* sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.

* sin pistas = clueless.

* sin planificar = unplanned.

* sin poblar = unpopulated.

* sin poder contenerse = helplessly.

* sin poder dormir = sleepless.

* sin poder extinguirlo = inextinguishably.

* sin poder hacer nada = helplessly.

* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.

* sin poner en escena = unproduced.

* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.

* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.

* sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.

* sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.

* sin precio = unpriced.

* sin preguntar = unasked.

* sin prejuicios = open-minded, fair-minded [fairminded].

* sin prentesiones = unpretentious.

* sin preocupaciones = carefree, worry-free.

* sin preparación técnica = non-technical.

* sin préstamo = non-circulating [noncirculating].

* sin prestar atención = mindlessly.

* sin pretensiones = unassuming, humble [humbler -comp., humblest -sup.].

* sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.

* sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.

* sin prisa(s) = unhurriedly, leisurely.

* sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.

* sin problemas de vista = sighted.

* sin procesar = unprocessed.

* sin propiedades = propertyless.

* sin propiedad rural = landless.

* sin protección = unprotected.

* sin provocación = unprovoked.

* sin publicar = unpublished.

* sin pulir = unpolished.

* sin quejarse = uncomplaining, uncomplainingly.

* sin quemar = unburned.

* sin querer = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly.

* sin querer + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.

* sin quererlo = unwantedly.

* sin que se entienda = slurred.

* sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.

* sin rabo = ecaudate.

* sin razón = wanton, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin razón justificada = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón justificda = for no particular reason.

* sin recelo = with confidence.

* sin receta médica = over the counter.

* sin reclamar = unredeemed.

* sin recoger = uncollected.

* sin reconocer = unrecognised [unrecognized, -USA].

* sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.

* sin recopilar = uncollected.

* sin recursos = resource-starved.

* sin refinar = unrefined.

* sin reflexionar = rashly.

* sin registrar = unlisted.

* sin reglamentar = unregulated.

* sin regular = unregulated.

* sin regularizar = unregulated.

* sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.

* sin relación con = unrelated to.

* sin remedio = beyond repair, incurably, incorrigibly.

* sin remordimientos = no-looking-back.

* sin reparar = unrepaired.

* sin reparo = unashamed.

* sin reparos = unshielded.

* sin representación = unrepresented.

* sin reserva = unconditionally, unreserved.

* sin reservas = unshielded, wholehearted [whole-hearted], go + the whole hog, the full monty, without reservation, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], forthright, categorical, uncompromising, uncompromisingly, unqualified, categoric, unmitigaged, unreserved, unreservedly.

* sin residencia fija = of no fixed abode.

* sin resistencia = unchallenged, unopposed.

* sin resistirse = passively.

* sin resolver = unresolved, unsolved, unsettled, uncleared.

* sin respiro = without a break, without (a) rest, without respite.

* sin responder = unanswered.

* sin restricciones = unrestricted, unlimited, uninhibited, unrestrictive, unfettered, free-flowing, without stint, without limit, no holds barred, unencumbered.

* sin restricciones de horario = unscheduled.

* sin retirar = uncleared, uncollected.

* sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.

* sin revelar = undisclosed, unrevealed.

* sin revestir = uncoated.

* sin revisar = unrevised.

* sin riesgo = riskless.

* sin rodeos = head-on, baldly, bluntly, outspokenly.

* sin ruido = soundless.

* sin rumbo = aimless, off course, rudderless.

* sin saberlo = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.

* sin saber qué decir = nonplussed [nonplused].

* sin sabor = tasteless.

* sin saldar = uncollected.

* sin salida al mar = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin sanción = unsanctioned.

* sin seleccionar = unselected.

* sin semillas = seedless.

* sin sentido = meaningless, purposeless, pointless, senseless, wanton, nonsensical, unconscious.

* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.

* sin sentir vergüenza = shamelessly.

* sin ser afectado = untouched.

* sin ser anunciado de antemano = unannounced.

* sin ser consciente de ello = unbeknownst to, unbeknown to.

* sin ser detectado = undetected.

* sin ser evaluado por expertos = unrefereed.

* sin ser necesario = gratuitous, gratuitously.

* sin ser percibido = out of sight.

* sin ser superado = unsurpassed.

* sin ser visto = unseen, undetected, unobserved, out of sight.

* sin significado = meaningless.

* sin simplificar = unabridged.

* * *

preposición

1) without

lo tomo sin azúcar — I don't take sugar

seguimos sin noticias — we still haven't had any news

sin previo aviso — with no advance warning

salta! sin miedo! — jump! don't be scared!

agua mineral sin gas — still mineral water

cerveza sin alcohol — non-alcoholic beer, alcohol-free beer

una pareja sin hijos — a couple with no children, a childless couple

me quedé sin pan — I ran out of bread

se quedó sin trabajo — he lost his job

2)

a)

sin + inf — ( con significado activo) without -ing

se fue sin pagar — he left without paying

son diez sin contar éstos — there are ten not counting these (ones)

estuvo una semana sin hablarme — she didn't speak to me for a week

sigo sin entender — I still don't understand

la pisé sin querer — I accidentally trod on her foot

a la cama sin cenar — off to bed without dinner

b)

sin + inf — ( con significado pasivo)

preguntas sin contestar — unanswered questions

esto está aún sin terminar — it still isn't finished

3)

sin que + subj: no voy a ir sin que me inviten I'm not going if I haven't been invited; quítaselo sin que se dé cuenta — get it off him without his o without him noticing

* * *

= without.

Ex: Without AACR is doubtful whether computerised cataloguing would have been implemented so relatively painlessly and successfully = Sin las RCAA es dudoso que la catalogación automatizada se hubiera implementado tan fácilmente y con tanto éxito, relativamente hablando.

* abogado sin escrúpulos = shyster.

* acercarse sin ser visto = sidle up to.

* afable pero sin sinceridad = suave.

* agua sin gas = still water.

* andar sin prisa = mosey.

* arreglárselas sin = live without, get along without.

* aunque sin ningún resultado = but (all) to no avail.

* barato pero sin avergonzarse de ello = cheap and cheerful.

* biblioteca sin muros = library without walls.

* biblioteca sin paredes = library without walls.

* bordado sin consido = needlepoint lace.

* callejón sin salida = blind alley, catch 22, cul-de-sac, dead end, impasse.

* camino sin rumbo = the road to nowhere.

* casi sin previo aviso = without much notice.

* coche sin caballos = horseless carriage automobile, horseless carriage.

* colocado sin escalón entre pieza y pieza = edge-flush.

* continuar sin detenerse = go straight ahead.

* conversación sin trascendencia = small-talk.

* decir rápidamente sin parar = rattle off.

* dejar a Alguien sin aliento = leave + Nombre + breathless.

* dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.

* dejar sin hacer = leave + undone.

* dejar sin referente a una referencia anafórica = dangle + anaphoric reference.

* dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone.

* dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.

* demanda sin variaciones = inelastic demand.

* demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.

* demostrar sin ninguna duda = demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond all doubt.

* demostrar sin ningún género de duda = demonstrate + beyond (all) doubt, demonstrate + emphatically, demonstrate + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt, prove + beyond any doubt.

* desarrollarse sin problemas = go + smoothly.

* estar sin vivir = be worried sick.

* evaluación sin intervención del examinador = unobtrusive testing.

* hablando sin rodeos = crudely put.

* hablar sin parar = burble on.

* hablar sin ser entendido = speak in + tongues.

* hacerlo sin la ayuda de nadie = do + it + on + Posesivo + own.

* homicidio sin premeditación = manslaughter.

* ir a un Sitio sin prisa = mosey.

* lanzarse sin ton ni son = dive + head-first.

* más largo que un día sin pan = as long as (my/your) arm.

* medicamento sin receta médica = over the counter medicine.

* método de la media sin ponderar = unweighted means method.

* nación sin estado = stateless nation.

* noche sin poder dormir = sleepless night.

* no hay dos sin tres = things + come in threes.

* no miel sin hiel = no pain, no gain.

* no sin fundamento = not without basis.

* oficina sin papel = paperless office.

* papel sin acidez = acid-free paper.

* pasar desadvertido, pasar sin ser visto = sneak under + the radar.

* pasar sin = live without, live without.

* pasar sin ser visto = go + unnoticed.

* película sin fin = filmloop [film loop/film-loop].

* permanecer sin cambios = remain + unchanged.

* permanecer sin especificar = remain + undefined.

* pero sin conseguirlo = but no dice.

* pero sin suerte = but no dice.

* persona sin problemas de vista = sighted person.

* personas sin hogar = homelessness.

* personas sin techo = homelessness.

* político sin escrúpulos = shyster.

* pozo sin fondo = bottomless pit.

* pregunta sin respuesta = unanswerable question.

* publicación sin papel = paperless publishing.

* quedarse sin aliento = run out of + breath.

* quedarse sin habla = stun into + speechlessness.

* quedarse sin negocio = go out of + business.

* quedarse sin palabras = stun into + speechlessness.

* rechazar sin más = dismiss + out of hand.

* referencia anafórica sin referente = dangling anaphoric reference.

* rima sin sentido = nonsense, nonsense verse.

* salir sin ser visto = slip out.

* sin abrir = unopened.

* sin abrirse = unfolded.

* sin abrochar = undone.

* sin acabar = unfinished.

* sin acentuar = unaccented.

* sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.

* sin adornos = unadorned, unvarnished.

* sin afectar = unaffected.

* sin afeitar = unshaven.

* sin afeitar desde hace varios días = stubbly [stubblier -comp., stubbliest -sup.].

* sin afiliación a un partido político = non-partisan [nonpartisan].

* sin afiliación religiosa = non-sectarian [nonsectarian].

* sin agua = waterless.

* sin aguja = needleless.

* sin ajustar = unadjusted, loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin alcohol = alcoholfree.

* sin aliento = breathlessly, breathless.

* sin alinear = unjustified.

* sin alterar = unaltered, unmodified.

* sin ambigüedad = unambiguous.

* sin amor = loveless.

* sin analizar = unexamined, unanalysed.

* sin ánimo = despondently.

* sin ánimo de lucro = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making, not-for-profit, generously.

* sin apenas ser oído = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin apoyo = unsupported.

* sin apretar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin árboles = treeless.

* sin arreglo = beyond repair.

* sin arrepentimiento = no-looking-back.

* sin asignar = unallocated.

* sin asignar todavía = unassigned.

* sin asimilar = undigested.

* sin atajar = unconfronted.

* sin atractivo = unattractive.

* sin atrasos = paid-up, in good standing.

* sin autorización = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], unlicensed.

* sin avergonzarse = unashamed.

* sin avisar = unannounced, out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* sin aviso previo = without warning.

* sin ayuda = unaided, unassisted.

* sin ayuda de nadie = all by + Reflexivo, by + Reflexivo.

* sin barba = beardless.

* sin barnizar = unvarnished.

* sin base = unsupported, ill-founded.

* sin blanca = broke, skint.

* sin blanquear = unbleached.

* sin blindar = unshielded.

* sin bombo(s) ni platillo(s) = without much ado.

* sin brillo = dull, tarnished.

* sin cabeza = headless, decapitated.

* sin cables = wireless.

* sin cafeina = decaffeinated.

* sin calorías = calorieless.

* sin cambio = inviolate.

* sin cambios = monotone, stable, undisturbed, unchanged, unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* sin cancelar = uncancelled.

* sin canjear = unredeemed.

* sin cansancio = indefatigably.

* sin capacidad de discernimiento = undiscriminating.

* sin cara = faceless.

* sin carácter = boneless, spineless.

* sin carne = meatless.

* sin castigo = impunitive, unpunished.

* sin catalogar = uncatalogued [uncataloged, -USA].

* sin causa alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin causa aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin causa justificada = without justified reason.

* sin causar daño = harmlessly.

* sin ceremonias = unceremonious, unceremoniously.

* sin cerrar con llave = unlocked.

* sin certeza de cobrar = on spec.

* sin cesar = steadily.

* sin clases sociales = classless.

* sin clavos = studless.

* sin clemencia = mercilessly.

* sin cobrar = free of charge, unredeemed, uncollected.

* sin cohesión = scrappily, scrappy [scrappier -comp., scrappiest -sup.], bitty [bittier -comp., bittiest -sup.].

* sin cohibiciones = unselfconsciously.

* sin cola = ecaudate.

* sin columnas = single-column.

* sin comentar = unannotated.

* sin comerlo ni beberlo = without having anything to do with it.

* sin comérselo ni bebérselo = without having anything to do with it.

* sin compasión = mercilessly.

* sin complicaciones = smoothly, boilerplate [boiler plate], uncomplicated, straightforward, uncomplicatedly, hassle-free.

* sin comprimir = uncompressed.

* sin comprobar = untested.

* sin compromiso = without obligation, fancy-free.

* sin compromisos = with no strings attached.

* sin concluir = unfinished.

* sin concretar = to be decided.

* sin condiciones = unconditionally.

* sin condiciones especiales = with no strings attached.

* sin confirmar = unconfirmed, unsubstantiated, unvalidated, to be confirmed.

* sin conocer = ignorant of.

* sin conocimiento = unconscious.

* sin conocimiento de causa = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.

* sin conservar información sobre las consultas realizadas anteriormente = stateless.

* sin conservar información sobre las consultas realizadas anterior = stateless.

* sin constancia de ello = unrecorded.

* sin consumir = nonconsumptive.

* sin contacto = non-contact.

* sin contaminar = untainted, uncontaminated.

* sin contar = not including, excluding.

* sin contar con = in the absence of.

* sin contenido = contentless, trivial.

* sin contratiempos = smoothly.

* sin control = uncontrolled.

* sin controlar = unsupervised.

* sin convicción = doubtfully, lamely.

* sin coordinación = uncoordinated [unco-ordinated].

* sin corregir = unamended, uncorrected, unrevised.

* sin correlacionar = uncorrelated.

* sin corroborar = unsubstantiated.

* sin cortapisas = untrammelled.

* sin cortar = uncut.

* sin coscarse = without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin costas = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin coste alguno = at no personal cost, at no cost, without cost, costless, without charge, free of charge, free of cost, cost free, for free, at no charge.

* sin costo adicional alguno = at no extra charge, at no extra cost, at no extra charge.

* sin costuras = seamless.

* sin crecimiento = non-growth.

* sin créditos = non-credit.

* sin criterio alguno = indiscriminate, indiscriminately.

* sin cuajar = runny [runnier -comp., runniest -sup.].

* sin cuantificar = unmeasured.

* sin cubrir = unfilled.

* sin cuestionarlo = uncritically.

* sin cultura = uncultured.

* sin daños = undamaged.

* sin dar basto = left, right and centre.

* sin darle importancia = airily.

* sin darme cuenta = before I know what's happened.

* sin darnos cuenta = out of sight.

* sin darse cuenta = inadvertently, unwittingly, unknowingly, without realising, without noticing, unconsciously.

* sin debatir = undiscussed.

* sin decir nada = dumbly.

* sin decir ni mú = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin decir ni pío = as quiet as a mouse.

* sin decir una palabra = without saying a word.

* sin defecto = untainted, unblemished.

* sin dejar huella = into thin air.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* sin dejar rastro = into thin air.

* sin dejarse amedrentar por = undaunted by.

* sin dejarse amilanar por = undaunted by.

* sin dejarse desanimar = undaunted.

* sin dejarse intimidar por = undaunted by.

* sin delimitar = unmapped.

* sin demora = on the spot, straight away, without delay, at short notice, promptly, right away, at once.

* sin demorarse un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin demoras = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.

* sin desarrollar = undeveloped.

* sin descansar = without (a) rest.

* sin descanso = relentlessly, restlessly, breathlessly, unabated, without a break, without (a) rest, day in and day out, without respite.

* sin descanso, sin un descanso, sin parar, sin descansar, sin interrupción = without a break.

* sin descubrir = undiscovered.

* sin descuento = undiscounted.

* sin desdoblarse = unfolded.

* sin desearlo = unwantedly.

* sin desgastar = unworn.

* sin desperdiciar un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin determinación de culpabilidad = no-fault.

* sin determinar = undefined.

* sin detonar = unexploded.

* sin deudas = debt free.

* sin dientes = toothless.

* sin diferencias = undifferentiated.

* sin dificultad = without difficulty.

* sin dificultad alguna = without a hitch.

* sin diluir = undiluted.

* sin dinero = impecunious.

* sin dinero en metálico = cashless.

* sin discapacidad = able-bodied.

* sin discapacidades = able-bodied.

* sin disciplina = undisciplined, ill-disciplined.

* sin discriminar = indiscriminate, on equal terms.

* sin discutir = no arguments!, undiscussed.

* sin disminuir = non-decreasing, unabated.

* sin disolver = undiluted.

* sin disponer de = in the absence of.

* sin división espacial = spatially unstructured.

* sin doblarse = unfolded.

* sin documentar = undocumented.

* sin dolor = painless.

* sin domicilio fijo = of no fixed abode.

* sin drenar = undrained.

* sin duda = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down.

* sin duda alguna = without any doubt.

* sin dudar = without a doubt.

* sin dudarlo = without hesitation.

* sin editar = unedited.

* sin el menor asomo de duda = without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin embargo = however, nevertheless, still, yet, that being said, all this said.

* sin emitir humo = smokeless.

* sin empleo = jobless.

* sin encuadernar = unbound.

* sin energía = lethargic.

* sin engorros = hassle-free.

* sin entallar = loosely hanging, baggy [baggier -comp., baggiest -sup.], saggy [saggier -comp., saggiest -sup.].

* sin enterrar = unburied.

* sin entusiasmo = half-hearted [halfhearted].

* sin envolver = unwrapped.

* sin errores = error-free.

* sin escatimar = without stint, unstintingly.

* sin escenificar = unproduced.

* sin escrúpulos = unscrupulous, unconscionable, without scruples, unprincipled.

* sin escurrir = undrained.

* sin esfuerzo = effortless, effortlessly.

* sin esfuerzo alguno = effortlessly.

* sin especializar = non-specialised.

* sin especificar = unspecified.

* sin esperanza = hopeless, dispiritedly, hopelessly.

* sin esperarlo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue.

* sin espinas = boneless.

* sin estar obstaculizado por = untrammelled by.

* sin estilo = dowdy [dowdier -comp., dowdiest -sup.].

* sin estructura = unstructured.

* sin estudios = ill-educated.

* sin evaluar = unevaluated.

* sin examinar = unexamined.

* sin exceder el presupuesto = budgetable.

* sin excepción = without exception, without fail.

* sin excesivo rigor = loosely.

* sin excusa justificada = unexcused.

* sin existencias = out-of-stock.

* sin éxito = unsuccessful.

* sin experiencia = inexperience, callow [callower -comp., callowest -sup.].

* sin explicar = unexplained.

* sin explorar = unexplored.

* sin explotar = untapped, unexploded.

* sin extras = no-frills.

* sin fallar = without fail.

* sin fallos = flawlessly.

* sin falta = without fail.

* sin fecha = undated.

* sin fechar = undated.

* sin fianza = without bail.

* sin fin = never-finishing, never-ending, bottomless, interminably, unending.

* sin finalidad = purposeless.

* sin financiación = unfunded.

* sin fines lucrativos = non-profit [nonprofit], non-profit making.

* sin firma = unsigned.

* sin firmar = unsigned.

* sin fondo = bottomless.

* sin forma = bodilessly, formless.

* sin formación = ill-educated.

* sin formación previa = untrained.

* sin forrar = uncovered.

* sin fronteras = borderless.

* sin fundamento = unwarranted, unsupported, ungrounded, without foundation, without basis.

* sin fundamento alguno = without any basis.

* sin ganas = half-heartedly.

* sin gastos = no cost(s).

* sin grabar = unengraved.

* sin gracia = dowdy [dowdier -comp., dowdiest -sup.].

* sin grasa = nonfat.

* sin grasas = nonfat, fat free.

* sin guardar una correlación = uncorrelated.

* sin haber contacto = non-contact.

* sin haber pasado por la calandria = uncalendered.

* sin habla = speechless.

* sin hacer = undone.

* sin hacer caso = regardless.

* sin hacer distinciones = one size fits all.

* sin hacer ruido = as quiet as a mouse, furtively, softly.

* sin herrar = unshod.

* sin hilación = rambling.

* sin hogar = homeless.

* sin hueso = boneless.

* sin humo = smokeless.

* sin humor = humourless [humorless, -USA].

* sin humos = smoke-free.

* sin idea = clueless.

* sin ideas preconcebidas = open mind.

* sin identificar = unidentified, unmapped, unnamed.

* sin igual = unequalled, unexampled, unsurpassed, unique unto itself, unrivalled [unrivaled, -USA], without equal, matchless.

* sin impedimentos = unimpeded.

* sin importancia = negligible, unimportant, trifling, immaterial, of no consequence.

* sin importar = regardless of, independently of, disregarding.

* sin importar + Adjetivo/Adverbio + que sea = however + Adjetivo/Adverbio.

* sin importar el tiempo = all-weather.

* sin importar las consecuencias = regardless of the consequences.

* sin importar qué = no matter what/which.

* sin impuestos = duty-free, tax-free.

* sin impurezas = purified.

* sin incluir = unlisted, exclusive of, not including, excluding.

* sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.

* sin índice = indexless.

* sin + Infinitivo = without + Gerundio.

* sin información sobre el estado anterior = stateless.

* sin inhibiciones = uninhibited.

* sin inmutarse = undeterred, impassively, without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin intención = involuntarily.

* sin interés = unexciting, uninteresting, unmoving, vapid.

* sin interrupción = continuously, without a break, without (a) rest, in an unbroken line.

* sin interrupciones = in a single phase.

* sin intervención de un intermediario = disintermediated.

* sin intervención directa = nonobtrusive.

* sin investigar = unresearched.

* sin justificación = unreasonably, unjustified.

* sin justificación alguna = wantonly.

* sin justificar = unjustified.

* sin la amenaza de = unthreatened (by).

* sin la ayuda de nadie = single-handed, single-handedly.

* sin la debida autorización = unauthorised [unauthorized, -USA], warrantless.

* sin la debida consideración = without due consideration.

* sin la más mínima duda = without the shadow of a doubt, without a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la más mínima duda = beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la menor duda = no mistake, no doubt.

* sin la menor idea = clueless.

* sin la menor sombra de duda = without a shadow of a doubt.

* sin la suficiente financiación = underfinanced [under-financed].

* sin lavar = unwashed.

* sin leer = unread.

* sin levadura = unleavened.

* sin licencia = unlicensed.

* sin líder = leaderless.

* sin limitaciones = without stint, without limit.

* sin límite = without limit, without stint, interminably.

* sin límite(s) = unbounded, unfettered, unstinting, unstintingly, the sky is the limit.

* sin litoral = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.

* sin lógica ni explicación = without rhyme or reason.

* sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.

* sin lujos = no-frills.

* sin luna = moonless.

* sin luz de luna = moonless.

* sin madera = woodfree.

* sin madurar = unripened.

* sin maldad = guileless.

* sin malicia = guileless.

* sin mancha = unblemished, untainted, stainless.

* sin mangas = sleeveless.

* sin mantenimiento = maintenance-free.

* sin marcar = unpriced.

* sin marca registrada = non-proprietary.

* sin más = out of hand, unceremoniously, unceremonious.

* sin más dilación = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado, without warning.

* sin más ni más = unceremoniously, unceremonious, for the love of it, without much ado.

* sin más preámbulos = without (any) further ado, without (any) more ado.

* sin medir = unmeasured.

* sin mencionar = not to mention, not to say, not to speak of.

* sin meternos en el hecho de que = to say nothing of.

* sin mezcla = unmixed.

* sin mezclar = unmixed.

* sin miedo = with confidence.

* sin miramientos = unceremoniously.

* sin misericordia = ruthlessly.

* sin modificar = unmodified, unaltered, unedited.

* sin molestias = hassle-free.

* sin motivo alguno = wantonly.

* sin motivo aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin motivo justificado = without justified reason.

* sin moverse del sitio = in place.

* sin movimiento = unmoving, motionless.

* sin mucha antelación = at short notice.

* sin mucha anticipación = at short notice.

* sin mucha dificultad = painlessly.

* sin muchas contemplaciones = unceremoniously.

* sin muchos inconvenientes = without much grudging.

* sin nada de gracia = unfunny.

* sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

* sin necesidad de ello = gratuitous, gratuitously.

* sin necesidad de pensar = thought-free.

* sin ninguna duda = without question, without any doubt, beyond doubt, beyond any doubt, no mistake, no doubt.

* sin ningún cosste = without cost.

* sin ningún coste = without charge, free of charge, at no cost, free of cost, cost free, for free, costless, at no charge.

* sin ningún esfuerzo = effortlessly.

* sin ningún esfuerzo mental = thought-free.

* sin ningún género de duda = without any doubt whatsoever, without any doubt whatsoever.

* sin ningún género de dudas = indisputably.

* sin ningún motivo = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.

* sin ningún otro motivo = (just) for the hell of (doing) it.

* sin ningún remedio posible = beyond redemption.

* sin ningún reparo = unabashed.

* sin ningún resultado = to no avail, without any avail, of no avail.

* sin ningún tipo de restricciones = no holds barred.

* sin nombrar = unnamed.

* sin norte = aimless, off course, rudderless.

* sin notar la diferencia = seamlessly, seamless.

* sin nubes = unclouded, uncloudy, cloudless.

* sin numeración = unnumbered.

* sin numerar = unnumbered.

* sin obligaciones = at leisure.

* sin obstáculos = unchecked, unhindered, unimpeded, unobstructed.

* sin obstáculos de por medio = uncluttered.

* sin obstrucciones = unobstructed.

* sin olor = odourless [odorless, -USA].

* sin olvidar = not to mention.

* sin operario = unmanned.

* sin oposición = without opposition, unchallenged, unopposed.

* sin orden = unordered.

* sin ordenar = unordered, unsorted.

* sin orden ni concierto = higgledy-piggledy, without rhyme or reason.

* sin originalidad = unoriginal.

* sin palabras = wordless.

* sin papel = paperless.

* sin par = unequalled, unexampled, unsurpassed, unique unto itself, unique, without peer, unrivalled [unrivaled, -USA], without equal, matchless.

* sin paralelo = unparalleled.

* sin parangón = unparalleled, unequalled, without peer, matchless.

* sin parar = steadily, non-stop, without a break, without (a) rest, on-the-go, interminably, without respite, without stopping.

* sin parar a pensárselo = off-hand [offhand].

* sin pararse a pensar = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sin patente = non-proprietary.

* sin pausa = breathlessly.

* sin peculio = impecunious.

* sin peligro alguno = safely.

* sin pelo = hairless.

* sin pelos en la lengua = outspokenly.

* sin pensar = mindlessly.

* sin pensar (en) = unmindful of, with little or no thought of, without thinking (about).

* sin pensarlo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.

* sin pensarlo demasiado = off-the-cuff, off the top of + Posesivo + head.

* sin pensarlo detenidamente = out of + Posesivo + head.

* sin pensarlo mucho = off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat.

* sin pensárselo = spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment.

* sin pensárselo dos veces = without a second thought, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, at the drop of a hat.

* sin pepitas = seedless.

* sin percatarse = without realising, without noticing, unconsciously, unknowingly, unwittingly.

* sin perder de vista = with an eye on.

* sin perder un (solo) minuto = without a moment wasted, without a wasted moment, without a minute wasted, without a wasted minute.

* sin pérdida = lossless.

* sin perjuicio de = notwithstanding.

* sin perjuicios = open mind.

* sin permiso = without permission, unlicensed.

* sin pestañear = impassively, without batting an eyelid, without turning a hair.

* sin pico = flat-topped.

* sin piedad = ruthlessly, remorseless, mercilessly.

* sin piel = skinless.

* sin pies ni cabeza = without rhyme or reason.

* sin pistas = clueless.

* sin planificar = unplanned.

* sin poblar = unpopulated.

* sin poder contenerse = helplessly.

* sin poder dormir = sleepless.

* sin poder extinguirlo = inextinguishably.

* sin poder hacer nada = helplessly.

* sin poner en duda la veracidad de Algo temporalmente = suspension of disbelief.

* sin poner en escena = unproduced.

* sin ponerlo en duda = uncritically.

* sin ponerse en duda = unquestioned.

* sin precedente = unparalleled, unexampled.

* sin precedentes = unprecedented, record breaking, record-high, all-time.

* sin precio = unpriced.

* sin preguntar = unasked.

* sin prejuicios = open-minded, fair-minded [fairminded].

* sin prentesiones = unpretentious.

* sin preocupaciones = carefree, worry-free.

* sin preparación técnica = non-technical.

* sin préstamo = non-circulating [noncirculating].

* sin prestar atención = mindlessly.

* sin pretensiones = unassuming, humble [humbler -comp., humblest -sup.].

* sin previo aviso = unannounced, without warning, without notice, without prior notice, without prior notification, on spec, at the drop of a hat, without (any) further notice.

* sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.

* sin prisa(s) = unhurriedly, leisurely.

* sin problemas = smoothly, smooth [smoother -comp., smoothest -sup.], problem-free, trouble free [trouble-free], without a hitch, unproblematically, carefree, without difficulty, in good standing.

* sin problemas de vista = sighted.

* sin procesar = unprocessed.

* sin propiedades = propertyless.

* sin propiedad rural = landless.

* sin protección = unprotected.

* sin provocación = unprovoked.

* sin publicar = unpublished.

* sin pulir = unpolished.

* sin quejarse = uncomplaining, uncomplainingly.

* sin quemar = unburned.

* sin querer = involuntarily, unwilling, by accident, accidentally, unintentionally, unwantedly.

* sin querer + Infinitivo = unwilling to + Infinitivo.

* sin quererlo = unwantedly.

* sin que se entienda = slurred.

* sin que se note la diferencia = seamlessly.

* sin rabo = ecaudate.

* sin razón = wanton, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón alguna = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón aparente = for no apparent reason, for apparently no reason.

* sin razón justificada = for no reason, for no specific reason, for no good reason.

* sin razón justificda = for no particular reason.

* sin recelo = with confidence.

* sin receta médica = over the counter.

* sin reclamar = unredeemed.

* sin recoger = uncollected.

* sin reconocer = unrecognised [unrecognized, -USA].

* sin reconocimiento de créditos = non-credit.

* sin recopilar = uncollected.

* sin recursos = resource-starved.

* sin refinar = unrefined.

* sin reflexionar = rashly.

* sin registrar = unlisted.

* sin reglamentar = unregulated.

* sin regular = unregulated.

* sin regularizar = unregulated.

* sin relación = unrelated, unconnected.

* sin relación con = unrelated to.

* sin remedio = beyond repair, incurably, incorrigibly.

* sin remordimientos = no-looking-back.

* sin reparar = unrepaired.

* sin reparo = unashamed.

* sin reparos = unshielded.

* sin representación = unrepresented.

* sin reserva = unconditionally, unreserved.

* sin reservas = unshielded, wholehearted [whole-hearted], go + the whole hog, the full monty, without reservation, wholeheartedly [whole-heartedly], forthright, categorical, uncompromising, uncompromisingly, unqualified, categoric, unmitigaged, unreserved, unreservedly.

* sin residencia fija = of no fixed abode.

* sin resistencia = unchallenged, unopposed.

* sin resistirse = passively.

* sin resolver = unresolved, unsolved, unsettled, uncleared.

* sin respiro = without a break, without (a) rest, without respite.

* sin responder = unanswered.

* sin restricciones = unrestricted, unlimited, uninhibited, unrestrictive, unfettered, free-flowing, without stint, without limit, no holds barred, unencumbered.

* sin restricciones de horario = unscheduled.

* sin retirar = uncleared, uncollected.

* sin retrasos = in a timely fashion, in a timely manner.

* sin revelar = undisclosed, unrevealed.

* sin revestir = uncoated.

* sin revisar = unrevised.

* sin riesgo = riskless.

* sin rodeos = head-on, baldly, bluntly, outspokenly.

* sin ruido = soundless.

* sin rumbo = aimless, off course, rudderless.

* sin saberlo = unbeknown to, unbeknownst to.

* sin saber qué decir = nonplussed [nonplused].

* sin sabor = tasteless.

* sin saldar = uncollected.

* sin salida al mar = land-bound [landbound], land-locked [landlocked].

* sin sanción = unsanctioned.

* sin seleccionar = unselected.

* sin semillas = seedless.

* sin sentido = meaningless, purposeless, pointless, senseless, wanton, nonsensical, unconscious.

* sin sentir ningún reparo = unashamed.

* sin sentir vergüenza = shamelessly.

* sin ser afectado = untouched.

* sin ser anunciado de antemano = unannounced.

* sin ser consciente de ello = unbeknownst to, unbeknown to.

* sin ser detectado = undetected.

* sin ser evaluado por expertos = unrefereed.

* sin ser necesario = gratuitous, gratuitously.

* sin ser percibido = out of sight.

* sin ser superado = unsurpassed.

* sin ser visto = unseen, undetected, unobserved, out of sight.

* sin significado = meaningless.

* sin simplificar = unabridged.

* * *

sin

prep

[ Grammar notes (Spanish) ]

A without

lo tomo con leche y sin azúcar I take milk but no sugar

reserva garantizada sin recargo guaranteed reservation at no extra cost

seguimos sin noticias we still haven't had any news

solicite más información sin compromiso send for more details without obligation

sin previo aviso with no advance warning

¡tírate! ¡sin miedo! jump! don't be scared!

¿qué harías tú sin mí? what would you do without me?

agua mineral sin gas still mineral water

cerveza sin alcohol non-alcoholic beer, alcohol-free beer

una pareja sin hijos a couple with no children, a childless couple

un vuelo sin escalas a non-stop o direct flight

me quedé sin pan I ran out of bread

se quedó sin trabajo he lost his job

una persona totalmente sin escrúpulos a completely unscrupulous person

B

1 sin + INF (con significado activo) without -ING

se fue sin pagar she left without paying

lo mandaron a la cama sin cenar they sent him to bed without any dinner

somos diez sin contarlos a ellos there are ten of us not counting them

estuvo una semana entera sin hablarme she didn't speak to me for a whole week, she went a whole week without speaking to me

sigo sin entender I still don't understand

la pisé sin querer I accidentally trod on her foot

2 sin + INF

(con significado pasivo): una camisa sin planchar an unironed shirt, a shirt that hasn't/hadn't been ironed

esto está aún sin terminar this still isn't finished

C sin QUE + SUBJ:

los días pasan sin que dé señales de vida the days go by and there is still no word from him, the days go by with no word from him o without any word from him

no voy a ir sin que me inviten I'm not going if I haven't been invited

quítaselo sin que se dé cuenta get it off him without his o without him noticing

embargo

Compuesto:

sin hueso

feminine sinhueso

* * *

sin preposición
1 without;
◊ sin azúcar without sugar;

seguimos sin noticias we still haven't had any news;
agua mineral sin gas still mineral water;
cerveza sin alcohol non-alcoholic beer, alcohol-free beer;
me quedé sin pan I ran out of bread
2
a) ( con significado activo) without;

◊ se fue sin pagar he left without paying;

estuvo una semana sin hablarme she didn't speak to me for a week;
sigo sin entender I still don't understand;
la pisé sin querer I accidentally trod on her foot
b) ( con significado pasivo):

◊ preguntas sin contestar unanswered questions;

esto está aún sin terminar it still isn't finished
3 sin que + subj:
◊ no voy a ir sin que me inviten I'm not going if I haven't been invited;

quítaselo sin que se dé cuenta get it off him without his o without him noticing;
See Also→ embargo 2
sin preposición without: se marchó sin ellos, he left without them
costó mil pesetas, sin contar el IVA, it cost one thousand pesetas, not including VAT
el edificio estaba sin terminar, the building was unfinished
entre sin llamar, come in without knocking
saldré sin que me vea, I'll go out without him seeing
una bebida sin alcohol, a non-alcoholic drink
' sin' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
A
- abierta
- abierto
- absoluta
- absoluto
- accidental
- acéfala
- acéfalo
- agotar
- agotada
- agotado
- agreste
- ahora
- ahorcarse
- ajena
- ajeno
- alguna
- alguno
- aliento
- alquilar
- ambages
- amorfa
- amorfo
- aparente
- asesinar
- aviso
- ayunas
- bagatela
- baja
- bajo
- bañera
- berrido
- bien
- blanca
- blanco
- bocado
- bregar
- bruta
- bruto
- burbuja
- caldo
- calle
- callejón
- calva
- camino
- caprichosa
- caprichoso
- causa
- cazo
- cero
English:
ability
- accident
- accidental
- accidentally
- accustom
- ado
- afraid
- age
- agree
- aimless
- aimlessly
- all-time
- ammunition
- another
- antsy
- anyhow
- arrogant
- at
- attach
- away
- AWOL
- babble
- backbencher
- backing
- bare
- barge in
- basic
- bat
- bean
- begin
- behave
- beyond
- blank
- blind alley
- blue
- blunt
- bluntly
- blurt out
- boarding card
- boarding pass
- book
- boorish
- bootstrap
- bottomless
- break
- breath
- breathless
- broke
- busywork
- buzz off

* * *

SIN nf

1. (abrev de Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional del Perú) = Peruvian national intelligence department

2. (abrev de Servicio de Inmigración y Naturalización) INS [US Immigration and Naturalization Service]

* * *

sin

prp without;

sin preguntar without asking;

sin decir nada without (saying) a word;

sin paraguas without an umbrella;

sin que without;

y sin más and without further ado;

me lo dijo así, sin más that’s all he said to me, just that

* * *

sin prep

1) : without

sin querer: unintentionally

sin refinar: unrefined

2)

sin que : without

lo hicimos sin que él se diera cuenta: we did it without him noticing

* * *

sin prep

1. (en general) without

no conduzcas la moto sin casco don't ride the bike without a crash helmet

me he pasado toda la noche sin dormir I didn't sleep a wink all night

2. (por hacer)

el edificio está sin terminar the building is unfinished

está sin planchar it hasn't been ironed

un diamante sin tallar an uncut diamond

sin embargo however

Spanish-English dictionary > sin
11 -ne

1.
nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].
I.
Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;
and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,
Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:
DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,
Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—
2.
To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.
a.
Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:
ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,
id. Att. 14, 12, 2:
nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,
id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:
non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,
id. Mil. 29, 78:
vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:
ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,
Verg. G. 3, 561;
so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:
nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,
id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:
non praetermittam ne illud quidem,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:
Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,
id. ib. 2, 16, 5:
numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,
id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:
sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:
neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,
Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—
b.
In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —
B.
With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),
1.
In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.
(α).
With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):
VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,
Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.
art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:
ah, ne saevi tantopere,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:
impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,
Verg. A. 6, 832.—
(β).
With subj.:
ne me moveatis,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:
si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:
si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,
Cic. Clu. 2, 6:
ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,
Hor. A. P. 406.—
2.
In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:
ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,
id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):
illud utinam ne vere scriberem!
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:
ne vivam, si scio,
may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:
sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,
id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:
ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,
id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—
3.
In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).
(α).
In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:
ego enim, etc.,
there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:
pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,
id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:
ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,
id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:
ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,
id. Sen. 11, 34:
ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,
id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:
nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?
though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—
(β).
In restrictive clauses:
sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,
only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:
vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—
4.
In clauses which denote a purpose or result.
a.
Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:
haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,
Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:
ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,
id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:
excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,
Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:
equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—
b.
Ut... ne separated:
quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,
Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:
ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:
lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,
id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—
c.
Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):
ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:
moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,
Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.
II.
In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.
A.
In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):
omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:
Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:
vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:
considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,
Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:
Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—
B.
After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):
metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,
that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:
timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,
id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:
vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:
metuebat ne indicarent,
Cic. Mil. 21, 57:
mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,
id. Mur. 41, 88:
hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,
id. Att. 5, 21, 3:
id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:
esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,
Ov. M. 7, 715:
terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,
Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:
non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:
pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,
Liv. 24, 42 —
b.
When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:
vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,
Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:
unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,
id. ib. 5, 18, 1:
timeo ne non impetrem,
id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—
c.
With the negative before the verb:
non vereor, ne quid temere facias,
Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:
timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—
C.
After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:
qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;
v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,
Cic. Fat. 1, 1:
unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,
Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]
2.
- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;
which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.
(α).
In direct interrogations, with indic.:
meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:
potestne rerum major esse dissensio?
id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:
tune id veritus es?
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:
jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,
id. Pis. 1, 1:
quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?
id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:
quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?
Verg. A. 4, 538:
tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:
valuistin?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:
satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:
pergin autem?
id. ib. 1, 3, 41:
vin commutemus?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —
(β).
Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;
so quin for quine,
id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:
utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?
Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:
sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,
id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—
(γ).
In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:
ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,
Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:
Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,
id. Att. 12, 24, 1:
videto vasa, multane sient,
Cato, R. R. 1:
quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—
(δ).
Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:
quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:
uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?
id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:
illa rogare: Quantane?
id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—
(ε).
-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:
misine ego ad te epistulam?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:
rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—
(ζ).
Rarely = num:
potestne virtus servire?
Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:
potesne dicere?
id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—
b.
With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):
est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:
sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):
Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?
Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:
ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,
Liv. 5, 28, 5:
cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.
3.
nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).
I.
In gen.:
ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:
ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:
ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,
id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:
ne iste,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—
II.
Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:
ne tu hercle,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:
edepol ne ego,
id. Men. 5, 5, 10:
edepol ne tu,
id. ib. 1, 2, 50:
ne ista edepol,
id. Am. 2, 2, 213:
ne istuc mecastor,
id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):
ne ille, medius fidius,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:
medius fidius ne tu,
id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:
edepol ne meam operam, etc.,
Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > -ne
12 n'

1.
nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].
I.
Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;
and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,
Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:
DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,
Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—
2.
To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.
a.
Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:
ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,
id. Att. 14, 12, 2:
nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,
id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:
non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,
id. Mil. 29, 78:
vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:
ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,
Verg. G. 3, 561;
so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:
nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,
id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:
non praetermittam ne illud quidem,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:
Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,
id. ib. 2, 16, 5:
numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,
id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:
sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:
neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,
Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—
b.
In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —
B.
With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),
1.
In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.
(α).
With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):
VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,
Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.
art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:
ah, ne saevi tantopere,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:
impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,
Verg. A. 6, 832.—
(β).
With subj.:
ne me moveatis,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:
si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:
si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,
Cic. Clu. 2, 6:
ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,
Hor. A. P. 406.—
2.
In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:
ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,
id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):
illud utinam ne vere scriberem!
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:
ne vivam, si scio,
may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:
sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,
id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:
ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,
id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—
3.
In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).
(α).
In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:
ego enim, etc.,
there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:
pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,
id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:
ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,
id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:
ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,
id. Sen. 11, 34:
ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,
id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:
nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?
though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—
(β).
In restrictive clauses:
sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,
only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:
vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—
4.
In clauses which denote a purpose or result.
a.
Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:
haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,
Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:
ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,
id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:
excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,
Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:
equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—
b.
Ut... ne separated:
quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,
Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:
ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:
lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,
id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—
c.
Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):
ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:
moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,
Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.
II.
In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.
A.
In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):
omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:
Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:
vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:
considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,
Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:
Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—
B.
After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):
metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,
that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:
timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,
id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:
vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:
metuebat ne indicarent,
Cic. Mil. 21, 57:
mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,
id. Mur. 41, 88:
hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,
id. Att. 5, 21, 3:
id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:
esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,
Ov. M. 7, 715:
terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,
Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:
non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:
pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,
Liv. 24, 42 —
b.
When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:
vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,
Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:
unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,
id. ib. 5, 18, 1:
timeo ne non impetrem,
id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—
c.
With the negative before the verb:
non vereor, ne quid temere facias,
Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:
timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—
C.
After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:
qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;
v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,
Cic. Fat. 1, 1:
unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,
Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]
2.
- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;
which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.
(α).
In direct interrogations, with indic.:
meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:
potestne rerum major esse dissensio?
id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:
tune id veritus es?
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:
jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,
id. Pis. 1, 1:
quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?
id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:
quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?
Verg. A. 4, 538:
tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:
valuistin?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:
satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:
pergin autem?
id. ib. 1, 3, 41:
vin commutemus?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —
(β).
Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;
so quin for quine,
id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:
utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?
Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:
sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,
id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—
(γ).
In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:
ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,
Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:
Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,
id. Att. 12, 24, 1:
videto vasa, multane sient,
Cato, R. R. 1:
quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—
(δ).
Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:
quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:
uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?
id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:
illa rogare: Quantane?
id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—
(ε).
-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:
misine ego ad te epistulam?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:
rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—
(ζ).
Rarely = num:
potestne virtus servire?
Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:
potesne dicere?
id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—
b.
With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):
est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:
sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):
Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?
Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:
ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,
Liv. 5, 28, 5:
cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.
3.
nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).
I.
In gen.:
ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:
ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:
ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,
id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:
ne iste,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—
II.
Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:
ne tu hercle,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:
edepol ne ego,
id. Men. 5, 5, 10:
edepol ne tu,
id. ib. 1, 2, 50:
ne ista edepol,
id. Am. 2, 2, 213:
ne istuc mecastor,
id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):
ne ille, medius fidius,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:
medius fidius ne tu,
id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:
edepol ne meam operam, etc.,
Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > n'
13 ne

1.
nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].
I.
Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;
and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,
Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:
DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,
Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—
2.
To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.
a.
Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:
ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:
ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:
Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,
id. Att. 14, 12, 2:
nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,
id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:
non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,
id. Mil. 29, 78:
vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,
id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:
ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,
Verg. G. 3, 561;
so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:
nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,
id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:
non praetermittam ne illud quidem,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:
Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,
id. ib. 2, 16, 5:
numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,
id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:
sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:
neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,
Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—
b.
In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —
B.
With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),
1.
In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.
(α).
With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):
VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,
Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.
art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,
Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:
ah, ne saevi tantopere,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:
impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,
Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:
ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,
Verg. A. 6, 832.—
(β).
With subj.:
ne me moveatis,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:
si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,
Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:
si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,
Cic. Clu. 2, 6:
ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,
Hor. A. P. 406.—
2.
In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:
ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,
id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):
illud utinam ne vere scriberem!
Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:
ne vivam, si scio,
may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:
sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,
id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:
ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,
id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—
3.
In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).
(α).
In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:
ego enim, etc.,
there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:
pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,
id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:
ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,
id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:
ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,
id. Sen. 11, 34:
ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,
id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:
nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?
though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—
(β).
In restrictive clauses:
sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,
only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:
vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—
4.
In clauses which denote a purpose or result.
a.
Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:
haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,
Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:
ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,
id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:
excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,
Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:
equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—
b.
Ut... ne separated:
quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,
Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:
ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:
lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,
id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:
vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—
c.
Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):
ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:
moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,
Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.
II.
In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.
A.
In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):
omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,
Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:
Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:
vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:
considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,
Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:
Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,
Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—
B.
After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):
metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,
that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:
timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,
id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:
vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:
metuebat ne indicarent,
Cic. Mil. 21, 57:
mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,
id. Mur. 41, 88:
hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,
id. Att. 5, 21, 3:
id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,
Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:
esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,
Ov. M. 7, 715:
terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,
Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:
non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:
pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,
Liv. 24, 42 —
b.
When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:
vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,
Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:
unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,
id. ib. 5, 18, 1:
timeo ne non impetrem,
id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—
c.
With the negative before the verb:
non vereor, ne quid temere facias,
Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:
timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—
C.
After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:
qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;
v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,
Cic. Fat. 1, 1:
unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,
Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]
2.
- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;
which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.
(α).
In direct interrogations, with indic.:
meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:
potestne rerum major esse dissensio?
id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:
tune id veritus es?
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:
jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,
id. Pis. 1, 1:
quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?
id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:
quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?
Verg. A. 4, 538:
tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:
valuistin?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:
satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?
Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:
pergin autem?
id. ib. 1, 3, 41:
vin commutemus?
id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —
(β).
Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;
so quin for quine,
id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:
utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?
Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:
sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,
id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—
(γ).
In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:
ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,
Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:
Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,
id. Att. 12, 24, 1:
videto vasa, multane sient,
Cato, R. R. 1:
quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,
Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—
(δ).
Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:
quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:
uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?
id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:
illa rogare: Quantane?
id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—
(ε).
-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:
misine ego ad te epistulam?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:
rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—
(ζ).
Rarely = num:
potestne virtus servire?
Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:
potesne dicere?
id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—
b.
With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):
est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:
sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):
Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?
Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:
ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,
Liv. 5, 28, 5:
cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.
3.
nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).
I.
In gen.:
ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:
ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:
ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,
id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:
ne iste,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—
II.
Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:
ne tu hercle,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:
edepol ne ego,
id. Men. 5, 5, 10:
edepol ne tu,
id. ib. 1, 2, 50:
ne ista edepol,
id. Am. 2, 2, 213:
ne istuc mecastor,
id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):
ne ille, medius fidius,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:
medius fidius ne tu,
id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:
edepol ne meam operam, etc.,
Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ne
14 confero

confĕro, contŭli, collātum (conl-), conferre, v. a.
I.
To bring, bear, or carry together, to collect, gather (freq. and class.).
A.
In gen.:
ligna circa casam,
Nep. Alcib. 10, 4:
arma,
Vell. 2, 114, 4:
cibos ore suo (aves),
Quint. 2, 6, 7:
undique collatis membris,
Hor. A. P. 3 al.:
sarcinas in unum locum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 24; cf. id. ib. 2, 25:
collatis militaribus signis,
id. ib. 7, 2:
ut premerer sacrā Lauroque collatāque myrto,
Hor. C. 3, 4, 19:
quo (sc. in proximum horreum) omne rusticum instrumentum,
Col. 1, 6, 7:
illuc (sc. in castella) parentes et conjuges,
Tac. A. 4, 46 fin.:
dentes in corpore (canes),
Ov. M. 3, 236:
materiam omnem, antequam dicere ordiamur,
Quint. 3, 9, 8:
summas (scriptorum) in commentarium et capita,
id. 10, 7, 32:
plura opera in unam tabulam,
id. 8, 5, 26:
quae in proximos quinque libros conlata sunt,
id. 8, prooem. 1: res Romanas Graeco peregrinoque sermone in historiam, Just. pr. 1; cf. Suet. Caes. 44; cf. I. B. 5. infra.; Quint. 4, 1, 23:
rogus inimicis collatus manibus,
Petr. 115 fin. —
B.
In partic.
1.
To collect money, treasures, etc., for any object, to bring offerings, contribute:
dona mihi,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 20:
contulit aes populus,
Ov. F. 4, 351;
so freq. on monuments: AERE CONLATO,
Inscr. Orell. 3648; 74; Suet. Aug. 59:
EX AERE CONLATO,
Inscr. Orell. 3991:
aurum argentumque in publicum,
Liv. 28, 36, 3:
munera ei,
Nep. Ages. 7, 3:
tributa quotannis ex censu,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 131:
conferre eo minus tributi,
Liv. 5, 20, 5:
in commune,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59, § 145; id. Quint. 3, 12:
quadringena talenta quotannis Delum,
Nep. Arist. 3, 1:
(pecunia) ad ejus honores conlata,
Cic. Fl. 25, 59:
ad honorem tuum pecunias maximas contulisse,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 65, § 157:
sextantes in capita,
Liv. 2, 33, 11:
pecunias,
Suet. Caes. 19; id. Aug. 57; 30; Just. 3, 6:
vinum alius, alius mel,
Dig. 41, 1, 7; 47, 7, 3 pr.:
sua bona in medium,
ib. 37, 6, 1 pr.:
magnam partem patrimonii alicui rei,
ib. 50, 4, 5:
cum et Socrati collatum sit ad victum,
Quint. 12, 7, 9.— Absol.:
nos dabimus, nos conferemus, nostro sumptu, non tuo,
Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 39.—Hence,
b.
Trop., like the Gr. sumpherô (v. Lidd. and Scott in h. v. 5.), to be useful, profitable, to profit, serve, be of use to ( = prosum; cf. also conduco, II.; post-Aug., and only in the third person; most freq. in Quint.); constr. with ad, in, the dat., inf., or absol.
(α).
With ad:
naturane plus ad eloquentiam conferat an doctrina,
Quint. 2, 19, 1; so id. 1, 8, 7; 2, 5, 1; 3, 6, 7 al.; Cels. 6, 6, 1; Col. 12, prooem. § 6; Suet. Tib. 4.—
* (β).
With in:
rursus in alia plus prior (exercitatio) confert,
Quint. 10, 7, 26.—
(γ).
With dat.:
Gracchorum eloquentiae multum contulisse matrem,
Quint. 1, 1, 6; so id. prooem. § 6; 2, 9, 2; 3, 7, 12 al.; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 54; 20, 23, 98, § 261; 29, 1, 6, § 13; Suet. Vesp. 6.—
(δ).
With subj. inf.:
incipiente incremento confert alterna folia circum obruere,
Plin. 19, 5, 26, § 83.—
(ε).
Absol.:
multum veteres etiam Latini conferunt, imprimis copiam verborum,
Quint. 1, 8, 8; 2, 5, 16; 4, 2, 123 al.; cf. Sillig ad Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 67.—
2.
To bring into connection, to unite, join, connect:
membris collatis, of an embrace,
Lucr. 4, 1101; cf.
ora,
App. M. 5, p. 161, 17:
fontes e quibus collatae aquae flumen emittunt,
Curt. 7, 11, 3: capita, to lay heads together (in conferring, deliberating, etc.), Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 31; Liv. 2, 45, 7: pedem, to go or come with one, Plaut. Merc. 5, 2, 41; so,
gradum ( = congredi),
id. Men. 3, 3, 30; id. Ps. 2, 4, 17; Verg. A. 6, 488.—Of chemical union:
dissimiles et dispares res in unam potestatem,
Vitr. 2, 6, 4.—
b.
Trop.:
collatis viribus,
Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 17; cf.:
conferre vires in unum,
Liv. 33, 19, 7:
collata omnium vota in unius salutem,
Plin. Pan. 23, 5:
e singulis frustis collata oratio,
Quint. 8, 5, 27; cf. id. 2, 9, 3:
velut studia inter nos conferebamus,
id. 4, prooem. § 1.— So esp. of conferences, consultations, etc., to consult together, confer, consider or talk over together:
si quid res feret, coram inter nos conferemus,
Cic. Att. 1, 20, 1:
sollicitudines nostras inter nos,
id. Fam. 6, 21, 2:
rationes,
id. Att 5, 21, 12: familiares sermones cum aliquo, to unite in familiar conversation with, id. Off. 2, 11, 39:
cum hoc in viā sermonem contulit,
id. Inv. 2, 4, 14; cf.:
cum aliquo aut sermones aut consilia,
id. Phil. 2, 15, 38:
consilia ad adulescentes,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 64; cf.:
consilia dispersim antea habita,
Suet. Caes. 80:
injurias,
to deliberate together concerning, Tac. Agr. 15; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 15, 2.— Absol.:
omnes sapientes decet conferre et fabulari,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 8.—With a rel.clause:
fusi contulerimus inter nos... quid finis,
Cic. Fin. 2, 2, 4:
ibi conferentibus, quid animorum Hispanis esset,
Liv. 27, 20, 4.—
3.
To bring or join together in a hostile manner, to set together (most freq. in milit. lang.):
(Galli) cum Fontejo ferrum ac manus contulerunt,
Cic. Font. 5, 12 (1, 2):
signa cum Alexandrinis,
id. Pis. 21, 49; cf.:
collatis signis depugnare,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 5, 44; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 23, 66:
arma cum aliquo,
Nep. Eum. 11, 5; 3, 6; cf.:
arma inter se,
Liv. 21, 1, 2:
castra cum hoste,
id. 26, 12, 14; cf.:
castra castris,
id. 23, 28, 9; 8, 23, 9; Cic. Div. 2, 55, 114; Caes. B. C. 3, 79:
pedem cum pede,
to fight foot to foot, Liv. 28, 2, 6; cf.:
pede conlato,
id. 6, 12, 10; 10, 29, 6; 26, 39, 12 al.:
gradum cum aliquo,
id. 7, 33, 11:
pectora luctantia nexu pectoribus,
Ov. M. 6, 242:
stat conferre manum Aeneae,
Verg. A. 12, 678:
prima movet Cacus collatā proelia dextrā,
Ov. F. 1, 569:
collatis cursibus hastas conicere,
Val. Fl. 6, 270:
seque viro vir contulit,
Verg. A. 10, 735.— Poet.:
inter sese duri certamina belli,
Verg. A. 10, 147:
contra conferre manu certamina pugnae,
Lucr. 4, 843:
collato Marte,
Ov. M. 12, 379.— Absol.:
mecum confer, ait,
fight with me, Ov. M. 10, 603.—
b.
Transf. from milit. affairs to lawsuits: pedem, to encounter, come in contact with one, to attack:
non possum magis pedem conferre, ut aiunt, aut propius accedere?
Cic. Planc. 19, 48:
pedem cum singulis,
Quint. 5, 13, 11; cf. id. 8, 6, 51; cf.:
qui illi concedi putem utilius esse quod postulat quam signa conferri,
Cic. Att. 7, 5, 5.— Poet.:
lites,
to contend, quarrel, Hor. S. 1, 5, 54.—
4.
To bring together for comparison, to compare; constr. with cum, inter se, ad, the dat., or acc. only.
(α).
With cum:
quem cum eo (sc. Democrito) conferre possumus non modo ingenii magnitudine sed etiam animi?
Cic. Ac. 2, 23, 73; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 52, § 115:
ut non conferam vitam neque existimationem tuam cum illius,
id. ib. 2, 4, 20, § 45; id. Sull. 26, 72:
cum maximis minima,
id. Opt. Gen. Or. 6, 17; Quint. 5, 13, 12; 8, 4, 2 al.:
nostras leges cum illorum Lycurgo et Dracone et Solone,
Cic. de Or. 1, 44, 197; cf.:
illa cum Graeciā,
id. Tusc. 1, 1, 2; v. also d. —
(β).
With inter se (rare):
vitam inter se utriusque conferte,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 7, 20.—
* (γ).
With ad:
bos ad bovem collatus,
Varr. L. L. 9, § 28 Müll.—
(δ).
With dat.:
tempora praesentia praeteritis,
Lucr. 2, 1166:
parva magnis,
Cic. Or. 4, 14:
alicui illud,
id. Inv. 2, 50, 151:
lanam tinctam Tyriae lacernae,
Quint. 12, 10, 75:
ingenia ingeniis,
Sen. Contr. 5, 33:
illam puellis,
Prop. 1, 5, 7; 1, 4, 9:
nil jucundo amico,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 44:
(Pausanias et Lysander) ne minimā quidem ex parte Lycurgi legibus et disciplinae conferendi sunt,
Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76; cf. supra, a.—
(ε).
With acc. only:
tesseram hospitalem,
Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 88:
conferte Verrem: non ut hominem cum homine comparetis, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 54, § 121:
exemplum,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 85; Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 14; Ov. M. 7, 696:
nec cum quaereretur gener Tarquinio, quisquam Romanae juventutis ullā arte conferri potuit,
Liv. 1, 39, 4; Suet. Caes. 47:
census,
Plin. 7, 48, 49, § 159.—Of documents:
haec omnia summā curā et diligentiā recognita et conlata sunt,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190.—
5.
With the idea of shortening by bringing together (cf. colligo), to compress, abridge, condense, make or be brief:
quam potero in verba conferam paucissima,
Plaut. Men. prol. 6; cf.:
in pauca, ut occupatus nunc sum, confer, quid velis,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 44:
rem in pauca,
id. Poen. 5, 4, 68; and:
in pauca verba,
id. As. 1, 1, 75; id: Pers. 4, 4, 109:
totam Academiam... ex duobus libris contuli in quattuor,
Cic. Att. 13, 13, 1:
ut in pauca conferam,
id. Caecin. 6, 17:
sua verba in duos versus,
Ov. F. 1, 162:
ex immensā diffusāque legum copiā optima quaeque et necessaria in paucissimos libros,
Suet. Caes. 44.— [p. 412] *
6.
To join in bringing forward, to propose unitedly (as a law; cf.
fero, II. B. 8. b.): cur enim non confertis, ne sit conubium divitibus et pauperibus,
Liv. 4, 4, 9 Weissenb. ad loc.
II.
(Con intens.) To bear, carry, convey, direct a thing somewhere (in haste, for protection, etc.); and conferre se, to betake or turn one's self anywhere, to go (very freq. and class.).
A.
Prop.
1.
In gen.
(α).
With the designation of the goal: quo me miser conferam? Gracch. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 214:
qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent,
Caes. B. G. 2, 13:
se suaque eo,
id. ib. 3, 28:
se suaque in naves,
Nep. Them. 2, 7 al.:
iter Brundisium versus,
Cic. Att. 3, 4 med.; cf.: iter eo, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 4:
suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam,
id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 17: legiones in mediam aciem, Auct. B. Alex. 39;
Auct. B. Afr. 60: quos eodem audita Cannensis clades contulerat,
Liv. 23, 17, 8:
parentes illuc,
Tac. A. 4, 46:
se Rhodum conferre,
Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213: se Laodiceam, Lent. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 14, 4:
se Colonas,
Nep. Paus. 3, 3:
quo se fusa acies,
Liv. 9, 16, 1 al.:
se ad Tissaphernem,
Nep. Alcib. 5, 2; so,
se ad Pharnabazum,
id. Con. 2, 1:
se in fugam,
Cic. Caecin. 8, 22: sese in pedes, Enn. ap. Non. p. 518, 20; Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 7 (cf.:
conicere se in pedes,
Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 13).—Of things:
pituita eo se umorve confert,
Cels. 2, 12.—
(β).
Absol.:
pulcre haec confertur ratis,
is borne away, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 27.—
2.
Esp., in Ov. M. (cf. abeo, II.): aliquem in aliquid, to change into, transform to something:
aliquem in saxum,
Ov. M. 4, 278: versos vultus ( poet. circumlocution for se) in hanc, id. ib. 9, 348:
corpus in albam volucrem,
id. ib. 12, 145.—
B.
Trop.
1.
In gen., to bring, turn, direct something to; and conferre se, to turn, apply, devote one's self to, etc.:
quo mortuo me ad pontificem Scaevolam contuli,
Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
(Crassus) cum initio aetatis ad amicitiam se meam contulisset,
id. Brut. 81, 281; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2:
qui se ad senatūs auctoritatem, ad libertatem vestram contulerunt,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; id. Ac. 1, 9, 34:
se ad studium scribendi,
id. Arch. 3, 4:
se ad studia litterarum,
id. ib. 7, 16; cf. Suet. Gram. 24:
meus pater eam seditionem in tranquillum conferet (the figure taken from the sea when in commotion),
Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 16: verba ad rem, to bring words to actions, i. e. to pass from words to deeds, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 4; id. Hec. 3, 1, 17:
suspitionem in Capitonem,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 35, 100:
ut spes votaque sua non prius ad deos quam ad principum aures conferret,
Tac. A. 4, 39:
lamentationes suas etiam in testamentum,
id. ib. 15, 68.—More freq., in partic.,
2.
With the access. idea of application or communication, to devote or apply something to a certain purpose, to employ, direct, confer, bestow upon, give, lend, grant, to transfer to (a favorite word with Cic.).
(α).
With dat.:
dona quid cessant mihi Conferre?
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 20:
tibi munera,
Prop. 2, 3, 25; Nep. Ages. 7, 3:
victoribus praemia,
Suet. Calig. 20:
puellae quinquaginta milia nummūm,
Plin. Ep. 6, 32, 2:
fructum alio,
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 60; Dig. 37, 6, 1, § 24.—
(β).
With ad and acc.:
hostiles exuvias ornatum ad urbis et posterum gloriam,
Tac. A. 3, 72:
Mithridates omne reliquum tempus non ad oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi contulit,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9:
omne studium atque omne ingenium ad populi Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam,
id. Arch. 9, 19; id. Fam. 10, 1, 3:
omnem meam curam atque operam ad philosophiam,
id. ib. 4, 3, 4:
omnem tuum amorem omnemque tuam prudentiam... confer ad eam curam,
id. Att. 7, 1, 2:
animum ad fodiendos puteos, Auct. B. Alex. 9: ad naturae suae non vitiosae genus consilium vivendi omne,
Cic. Off. 1, 33, 120:
orationem omnem ad misericordiam,
id. Lig. 1, 1.—
(γ).
With in:
omnes curas cogitationesque in rem publicam,
Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2:
diligentiam in valetudinem tuam,
id. Fam. 16, 4, 4:
praedas ac manubias suas non in monumenta deorum immortalium, neque in urbis ornamenta conferre, sed, etc.,
id. Agr. 2, 23, 60:
in eos, quos speramus nobis profuturos, non dubitamus officia conferre,
id. Off. 1, 15, 48; so,
plurimum benignitatis in eum,
id. ib. 1, 16, 50; id. Lael. 19, 70: curam restituendi Capitolii in L. Vestinum confert, i. e. assigns to, charges with, Tac. H. 4, 53:
in unius salutem collata omnium vota,
Plin. Pan. 23, 5.—
(δ).
With erga:
commemoratio benevolentiae ejus, quam erga me a pueritiā contulisses,
Cic. Fam. 10, 5, 1.—
3.
With aliquid ad or in aliquem or aliquid, to refer or ascribe something to a person or thing as its possessor, author (in a good, and freq. in a bad sense), to attribute, impute, assign, ascribe to one, to lay to the charge of:
species istas hominum in deos,
Cic. N. D. 1, 27, 77:
res ad imperium deorum,
Lucr. 6, 54:
permulta in Plancium, quae ab eo numquam dicta sunt, conferuntur... Stomachor vero, cum aliorum non me digna in me conferuntur,
Cic. Planc. 14, 35; id. Fam. 5, 5, 2:
mortis illius invidiam in L. Flaccum,
id. Fl. 17, 41:
suum timorem in rei frumentariae simulationem angustiasque itinerum,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
sua vitia et suam culpam in senectutem,
Cic. Sen. 5, 14:
hanc ego de re publicā disputationem in Africani personam et Phili contuli,
id. Att. 4, 16, 2.—So esp.:
culpam in aliquem,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 156; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 97; Cic. Att. 9, 2, a, 1:
causam in aliquem,
id. ib. 12, 31, 1; Liv. 5, 11, 6; cf.:
causam in tempus,
Cic. de Or. 3, 61, 228.—
4.
To transfer to a fixed point of time, fix, assign, refer, appoint, put off, defer, postpone (cf. differo):
Carthaginis expugnationem in hunc annum,
Liv. 27, 7, 5: in posterum diem iter suum contulit, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 13, 3:
omnia in mensem Martium,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 24:
aliquid in ambulationis tempus,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:
eam pecuniam in rei publicae magnum aliquod tempus,
id. Off. 3, 24, 93:
quod in longiorem diem conlaturus fuisset,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.:
alicujus consulatum in annum aliquem,
Plin. Pan. 61.—Rarely of place:
idoneum locum in agris nactus... ibi adventum expectare Pompei eoque omnem belli rationem conferre constituit,
Caes. B. C. 3, 81 fin. —
5.
To bring on, cause, occasion, induce:
pestem alicui,
Col. 1, 5, 4:
candorem mollitiamque,
Plin. 35, 15, 50, § 175.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > confero
15 contra

contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
I.
Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
A.
Local.
1.
Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
a.
With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
(α).
Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):
feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:
ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:
signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,
Liv. 1, 18, 8:
stat contra starique jubet,
Juv. 3, 290:
stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!
Mart. 1, 55, 12:
ulmus erat contra,
in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:
templa vides contra,
in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:
contra conserta manu,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
(β).
Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):
contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,
Manil. 2, 253:
posita contra Hispania,
Tac. Agr. 11:
promuntorium quod contra procedit,
Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:
arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,
face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:
jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),
side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
b.
With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
(α).
Referring to persons:
accede ad me atque adi contra,
come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):
adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:
contra adspicere,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:
contra intueri,
Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:
cum veniret contra Marcianus,
Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
(β).
Of things:
hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,
Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:
quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,
Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
2.
Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
(α).
In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:
aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,
at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
(β).
In post-Aug. prose (very rare):
at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
3.
Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
(α).
In gen.:
te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:
quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,
id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:
qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,
make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:
si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:
audi nunc contra jam,
listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:
at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,
you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:
Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,
Liv. 1, 28, 1:
contra ut me diligat illa,
Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:
cui latrans contra senex,
Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:
scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—
Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,
Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:
contra talia reddit,
Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
(β).
With dat. pers.:
consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:
facere contra huic aegre,
Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:
hiscine contra insidiabere?
id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:
tibi contra gratiam Referre,
id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
(γ).
With item:
item a me contra factum est,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:
puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,
id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
(δ).
Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;
Consonat terra,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:
confer gradum Contra pariter,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:
video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:
vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!
Cat. 62, 6.—
(ε).
Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:
si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,
what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:
si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;
Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,
to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:
agedum pauca accipe contra,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:
Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,
Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:
oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,
Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:
dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?
id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
B.
Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
1.
Of physical exertion.
(α).
Lit.:
concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,
struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:
nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,
bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:
at ille contra nititur,
resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:
pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,
rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
(β).
Trop.:
te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:
et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,
Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
2.
Of mental exertion:
si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,
arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:
siti contra... pugnandum,
Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
3.
Of hostile opposition in gen.
(α).
Lit.:
quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,
who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:
contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,
something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
(β).
Trop.:
aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,
Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
4.
Of warfare.
(α).
Lit.:
ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,
Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:
quid quod exercitum contra duxit?
Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:
ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,
if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:
issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,
Liv. 7, 39, 17:
cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,
would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:
et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,
Tac. A. 11, 10.—
(β).
Trop.:
quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,
Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
5.
Of legal contests.
(α).
With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
(β).
Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:
quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?
if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
(γ).
On the part of the adversary:
inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,
Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
(δ).
Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:
ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,
given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
6.
Of literary opposition.
(α).
Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
(β).
With other verbs:
astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,
Lucr. 5, 728:
contra nunc illud pone, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:
habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,
some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
7.
Of public and political opposition.
(α).
With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
(β).
With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:
nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,
no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:
honores contra petere,
Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:
pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,
Tac. A. 14, 45.—
8.
Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:
si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,
and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
9.
With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
a.
Absol.
(α).
Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:
cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,
would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:
hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,
id. Caecin. 33, 97:
dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,
id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:
contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
(β).
To make charges against (rare):
si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,
Cic. Clu. 48, 134:
qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,
id. Quint. 29, 88; so,
contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,
id. Fl. 21, 51.—
(γ).
In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:
fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,
contra disputare and contra scribere,
id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:
nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,
Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:
ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,
to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
(δ).
To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:
quam palam principes dixerunt contra!
protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:
cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,
Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:
filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:
contradicente nullo,
Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
(ε).
To reply:
contradixit edicto,
answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
(ζ).
Abl. absol. impers.:
explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,
whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
b.
With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:
ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:
ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:
aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:
ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),
refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:
quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:
seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,
or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:
dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,
the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
c.
With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
(α).
To oppose a person by speaking against his views:
solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,
to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:
tibi,
Suet. Aug. 54:
Curioni...,
id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:
volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,
my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
(β).
To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:
cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,
opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
(γ).
To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:
patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:
cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,
Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
(δ).
With dat. of the petition:
preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,
which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
(ε).
To contest the validity of a law (rare):
quibus (legibus) contradici potest,
Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
(ζ).
To contradict an assertion (very rare):
pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,
Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
d.
With quin, to object:
praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,
there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
C.
To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;
but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,
Quint. 7, 3, 14:
cum verba (legis) contra sint,
id. 7, 1, 49:
sed experimentum contra fuit,
unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:
ubi fortuna contra fuit,
id. ib. 3, 18:
si fortuna contra daret,
should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
D.
Of logical opposition, with negative force.
1.
Of a direct contrast.
a.
Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:
quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,
but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:
in stultitia contra est,
with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:
in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),
id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:
quod contra est,
Sall. J. 85, 21:
quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:
contra fore si, etc.,
ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:
immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),
ib. 41, 3, 49:
ego contra puto (i. e. esse),
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
b.
With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:
utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,
of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:
id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),
id. Att. 10, 8, 2:
contra evenit in iis morbis,
Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:
ego contra sentio,
Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:
Proculus contra (sc. sentit),
ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:
licet Celsus contra scribat,
ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:
cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,
interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
c.
Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
(α).
To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:
nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,
Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;
quod contra, id turpe,
id. Off. 1, 27, 94:
sit sapienter usus aut contra,
Quint. 2, 5, 15:
lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),
Col. 11, 3, 25.—
(β).
To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:
ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,
improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:
quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,
id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
(γ).
To a verbal predicate:
an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),
Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
(δ).
To a subject infinitive:
laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,
praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
(ε).
To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:
quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,
those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;
mihi contra,
id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
(ζ).
To an attributive genitive:
Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),
Sall. J. 88, 2:
verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),
Quint. 2, 4, 21:
alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,
the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;
so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,
Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
2.
Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
a.
With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;
Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,
Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:
quae etiam contra valent,
i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
b.
Belonging to the same predicate:
ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,
Cic. Or. 36, 123:
cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,
Dig. 35, 2, 48:
in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,
Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:
junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,
id. 1, 5, 68:
ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,
but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:
itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,
Cic. Or. 42, 143:
qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,
or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
E.
In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
1.
In independent clauses.
a.
Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:
ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:
ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:
in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,
Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:
contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?
Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;
so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,
Just. 13, 1, 7.—
b.
Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;
contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,
Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;
nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,
Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:
justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,
Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:
si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
2.
In opposition to a dependent clause:
ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:
cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,
Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:
cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:
at contra,
Lucr. 2, 392.—
3.
With co-ordinate conjunctions.
a.
Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
(α).
With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:
malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,
id. ib. 2, 7, 23:
cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,
Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:
itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:
nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,
Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
(β).
With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:
audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,
Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:
ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,
id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
(γ).
With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:
atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!
Cic. Balb. 22, 51:
domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,
Dig. 13, 7, 21:
equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
(δ).
After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:
in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,
Cic. Sull. 7, 21:
nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,
id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,
et contra,
Suet. Tit. 7.—
b.
With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
(α).
At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;
At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,
Lucr. 2, 400:
cogunt,
id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;
at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,
Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:
ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
(β).
Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):
non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:
arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,
Liv. 45, 18, 1:
tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,
Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:
obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,
Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
(γ).
Contra autem (rare;
in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,
Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:
sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,
Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
(δ).
Contra vero (very rare;
not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,
Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
(ε).
Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
c.
With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
(α).
Aut contra:
num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?
Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:
si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,
Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
(β).
Vel contra:
hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?
Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
(γ).
Seu contra:
seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,
Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
d.
With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;
never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,
Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
4.
In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
(α).
In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):
aliis vero econtra videtur,
Hier. Ep. 12.—
(β).
Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):
honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
5.
With emphatic particles.
a.
Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);
not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,
Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
b.
Immo contra (post-Aug.).
(α).
= no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:
existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,
Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
(β).
= sed contra, but on the contrary:
proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,
Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:
immo contra ea,
Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
c.
Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):
quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
F.
With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
1.
Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
(α).
With atque:
item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:
simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:
judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,
Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
(β).
With ac:
itaque contra est ac dicitis,
Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:
vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:
cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,
id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:
Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,
Sall. C. 60, 5.—
(γ).
With ac and atque:
si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,
Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
(δ).
With quam (post-Aug.):
cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,
Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:
contra quam licet,
id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
2.
Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:
mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,
contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,
contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:
contra quam ista causa postulasset,
id. Caecin. 24, 67:
contra quam sanctum legibus est,
Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:
contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,
Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
II.
Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
A.
Local uses.
1.
Opposite, over against, facing.
a.
Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;
adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:
ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,
id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:
Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,
Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:
Carthago Italiam contra,
Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:
insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,
Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
b.
Of the heavenly bodies:
donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,
Lucr. 5, 708:
contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,
Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:
cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:
contra mediam faciem meridies erit,
id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
c.
Of opposite ends of a line.
(α).
Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
(β).
Of a line drawn:
contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,
opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
d.
Of buildings, etc.:
contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,
Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:
(statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,
Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:
contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
e.
Of places on the human body:
id quod contra stomachum est,
Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;
4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,
Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
2.
Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:
adversus, ad, e regione,
Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
a.
In gen.:
quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,
Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:
et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?
Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:
rex constiterat contra pedites,
Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:
ne contra septentrionem paveris,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:
contra solem varie refulgens,
placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;
37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,
id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
b.
Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):
(Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,
towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:
lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,
Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
c.
Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
d.
Against an opposing action, etc.:
contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,
Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:
cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,
Vitr. 1, 6, 8:
ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,
Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:
contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,
id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:
capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,
id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:
contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,
Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:
contra stimulum calces,
kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
e.
Of local actions with hostile intent.
(α).
Lit.:
quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:
Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),
id. Att. 15, 20, 3:
pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,
to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:
a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,
id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:
Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,
Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:
terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,
i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
(β).
Trop.:
castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:
tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:
cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
(Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,
when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
f.
In partic.
(α).
Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:
quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,
Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:
contra populi studium,
Cic. Brut. 34, 126:
contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,
id. ib. 79, 273; so,
a mendacio contra veritatem,
id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:
contra cives in acie,
id. Att. 16, 11, 2:
et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:
haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,
Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
(β).
Contra aliquem ire:
aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,
Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:
uti contra injurias armati eatis,
Sall. J. 31, 6:
interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,
Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
3.
Transf.,
a.
To persons placed together for comparison:
C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,
Quint. 10, 1, 114:
CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,
Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
b.
To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
(α).
Lit. (very rare):
quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
(β).
Prop.:
cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,
Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:
qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,
Sen. Ep. 9, 9:
numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:
tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,
id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:
nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,
as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:
(illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,
Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:
contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?
Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,
robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,
id. ib. 13, 2;
so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,
Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
c.
Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):
numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,
superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):
oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,
Petr. 7, 6.—
d.
Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:
contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 29:
contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,
Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:
quae contra breviter fata est vates,
Verg. A. 6, 398:
contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,
Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
B.
Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
1.
With verbs of hostile action.
a.
Of physical exertion:
pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,
Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:
proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
b.
Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.
bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),
Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:
contra Antonium,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,
contra patriam,
id. Sull. 20, 58:
pugnare contra patriam,
id. ib. 25, 70:
contra conjuges et liberos,
Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:
armatum esse contra populum Romanum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:
armis contendere contra,
Caes. B. G. 2, 13:
arma alicui dare (trop.),
Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:
aciem instruere (trop.),
Liv. 25, 4, 4:
exercitum comparare,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:
exercitum instruere,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:
exercitum ducere and adducere,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:
exercitum contra Philippum mittere,
id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:
naves ducere contra,
Hor. Epod. 4, 19:
ducere contra hostes,
Liv. 1, 27, 4:
florem Italiae educere contra,
Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:
proficisci contra,
to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:
auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,
Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:
juvare aliquem contra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 35:
consilium inire contra Sequanos,
to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
c.
Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
(α).
In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:
cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,
Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:
(causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:
rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,
Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:
esse contra,
id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;
at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,
Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:
causam defendere contra,
against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:
statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),
to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:
actio competit contra,
Dig. 49, 14, 41:
querelam instituere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:
bonorum possessionem petere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 23:
jus obtinere contra,
Cic. Quint. 9, 34:
pugnare contra,
to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:
id quod mihi contra illos datum est,
i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:
judicare contra aliquem,
id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:
pronuntiare contra,
Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:
decernere contra,
Cic. Fl. 31, 76:
appellare contra aliquem,
Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:
contra sententiam,
Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:
cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
(β).
Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:
quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?
Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:
contra rem suam me venisse questus est,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
(γ).
With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:
ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:
cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,
id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,
causam dicere,
id. Or. 2, 23, 98:
causam perorare,
id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:
quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,
id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:
si Gaditani contra me dicerent,
if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:
si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:
testimonium in aliquem dicere,
id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):
contra juris consultos dicere,
against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:
contra testes dicendum est,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:
cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,
Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:
tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?
Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
d.
Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:
cum scriberem contra Epicurios,
Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:
contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,
id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:
contra Brutum,
id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:
contra Academiam,
id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:
contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,
id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
e.
Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
(α).
In gen.:
sentire contra,
Cic. Mil. 2, 5:
pugnare contra bonos,
id. Sull. 25, 71:
contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,
Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:
(tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,
Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
(β).
Of political speaking:
cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,
Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
f.
Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:
adversus, in): inire consilia contra,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:
manum comparare contra aliquem,
id. Sull. 24, 68:
conjurationem facere,
id. ib. 4, 12:
congredi,
id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:
aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,
Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:
nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,
against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:
eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,
operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:
homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?
Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:
epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:
disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,
to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
2.
Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:
licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,
injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:
res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,
id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:
nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,
Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:
quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,
id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
3.
Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:
Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?
or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:
sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,
id. Att. 7, 5, 5:
judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,
id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:
cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:
fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,
in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
4.
Dependent on adjectives (rare):
contra se ipse misericors,
to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:
severissimus judex contra fures,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
5.
With nouns.
a.
Acc. to 1. b.:
ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
b.
Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
(α).
Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:
quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:
Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,
Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,
haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:
orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,
id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
(β).
Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:
unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,
Cic. Brut. 26, 99:
(Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,
id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
c.
Acc. to 1. f.:
contra patres concitatio et seditio,
Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:
contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,
Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
C.
With inanimate and abstract objects.
1.
Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
a.
Of physical or moral exertion:
cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,
Verg. A. 10, 567:
pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,
Cic. Sen. 11, 35:
contra verum niti,
Sall. J. 35, 8:
contra fortunam luctari,
Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
b.
Of warfare (lit. and trop.):
bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:
bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,
id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:
artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,
Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
c.
Of legal contention.
(α).
Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:
contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),
Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:
contra ratiocinationem,
id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:
contra caput dicere,
to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:
servum in caput domini interrogare,
Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:
contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
(β).
Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:
contra tabulas judicare,
Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:
contra testamentum,
Dig. 2, 17, § 1:
contra sententiam dicere,
ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
(γ).
Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:
inmittere in bona),
Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
d.
Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
(α).
To contend that something is false:
dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:
in sententiam dicere,
in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):
contra sensus dicere,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:
contra rhetoricen dicere,
Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
(β).
Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:
contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,
Vitr. 7, praef. 8:
contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
(γ).
Ethically:
contra voluptatem dicere,
that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:
contra mortem loqui,
that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;
in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,
id. ib. 100, 10:
contra fortunam gloriari,
that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
e.
Of public and political acts and speeches:
contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,
Cic. Brut. 44, 164:
contra legem dicere or verba facere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:
rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),
Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
f.
Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
(α).
In gen.:
senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,
directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:
contra rem publicam se commovere,
id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:
incitari,
id. Sest. 47, 100:
consilia inire,
id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:
conjurationem facere,
Sall. C. 30, 6:
contra salutem urbis incitari,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:
cogitare aliquid contra salutem,
id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:
esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:
ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,
do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:
quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),
Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
(β).
In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:
si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,
Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,
contra salutem rei publicae facere,
Cic. Dom. 38, 102:
contra majestatem,
against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:
contra leges,
Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:
contra edictum (praetoris),
Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:
contra foedus,
Cic. Balb. 6, 16:
contra jusjurandum ac fidem,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:
tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?
Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):
corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,
Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
2.
Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
(α).
With esse expressed as the predicate:
hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,
Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:
contra leges or legem est,
Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:
contra officium est,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:
adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,
unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
(β).
With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:
scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:
aliquid contra animum audiendi,
something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:
si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
(γ).
Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:
Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
3.
Adverbially with the predicate.
(α).
In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):
eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,
that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:
imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,
to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,
advocare contra,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:
si contra mortem te praeparaveris,
to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
(β).
With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:
quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,
Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:
contra hominis salutem,
with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
(γ).
In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;
syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,
Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:
pecuniam contra leges auferre,
id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:
contra legem,
id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:
contra jus fasque,
id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:
contra jus,
Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:
contra jus gentium,
Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;
6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,
Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:
contra testimonium aliquid judicare,
without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:
aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,
contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:
aliquid contra fidem constituere,
Quint. 5, 13, 34:
quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,
contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
4.
Dependent on substt.
a.
Of physical strife:
scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),
Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
b.
Of warfare:
imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:
Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,
Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
c.
Of legal contention:
causa contra scriptum,
Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
d.
Of political speaking:
divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,
Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
e.
Of literary opposition:
Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
f.
Of hostility, etc.:
cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:
ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,
Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
g.
Of injury:
vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,
Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
h.
Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):
iter contra senatus auctoritatem,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:
contra consuetudinem somnium,
Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:
bonorum possessio contra tabulas,
Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
5.
Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.
II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
D.
Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
1.
Against persons.
a.
Dependent on verbs:
cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:
contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,
provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:
contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,
Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
b.
Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:
paratus contra,
Cic. Mil. 21, 56:
nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,
Sall. J. 80, 1:
contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,
Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
2.
Against inanimate and abstract things.
a.
Dependent on verbs:
contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,
Cic. Sen. 15, 51:
propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:
publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,
id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:
contra tantas difficultates providere,
Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,
contra ea,
id. ib. 57, 5:
patricii vi contra vim resistunt,
Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
b.
Dependent on substt.:
suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:
defensio contra vim,
id. Mil. 5, 14:
patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,
id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:
contra labores patientia,
id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
c.
Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;
in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,
against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:
ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:
vir contra audaciam firmissimus,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:
fortis contra dolorem,
Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:
callosus,
Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:
far contra hiemes firmissimum,
id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:
equus tenax contra vincula,
Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:
contraque minantia fata pervigil,
Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
3.
Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
(α).
Dependent on verbs:
cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,
Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:
prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,
id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:
valet potum contra venena,
id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
(β).
Dependent on substt.:
remedium contra morsus,
Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:
contra venena esse omnia remedio,
id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
(γ).
Dependent on adjectives:
vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,
Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
(δ).
Appositively, as a remedy:
cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,
Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:
Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,
Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
E.
Of logical opposition.
1.
With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
a.
The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.
I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,
but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:
omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,
and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
b.
Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):
omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),
but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;
contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,
Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;
44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):
an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),
Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
c.
Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):
illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,
whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:
cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),
Cic. Sen. 23, 84:
quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,
id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.
Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,
id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;
v. Ritschl,
Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
2.
With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:
contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,
Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:
Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),
Sall. J. 88, 1; so,
cetera contra spem salva invenit,
Liv. 9, 23, 17:
contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,
id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;
but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),
Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:
postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,
Sall. J. 20, 1:
ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),
id. ib. 46, 5:
contra famam,
Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:
segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,
slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:
frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,
contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
F.
Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
1.
In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:
quos contra disputant,
Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:
quem contra dicit,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):
quem contra veneris,
id. Mur. 4, 9:
quas contra, praeter te, etc.,
id. Vatin. 7, 18:
eos ipsos quos contra statuas,
id. Or. 10, 34:
quos contra me senatus armavit,
id. Att. 10, 8, 8:
quam contra multa locutus est,
Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
2.
After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,
Lucr. 4, 471:
dicere eos contra,
id. 4, 484:
donique eum contra,
id. 5, 708:
agmina contra,
Verg. A. 12, 279:
magnum Alciden contra,
id. ib. 5, 414:
Paridem contra,
id. ib. 5, 370:
Italiam contra,
id. ib. 1, 13:
deos contra,
Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:
Messania moenia contra,
id. M. 14, 17:
litora Calabriae contra,
Tac. A. 3, 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra
16 contra dicta

contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
I.
Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
A.
Local.
1.
Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
a.
With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
(α).
Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):
feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:
ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:
signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,
Liv. 1, 18, 8:
stat contra starique jubet,
Juv. 3, 290:
stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!
Mart. 1, 55, 12:
ulmus erat contra,
in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:
templa vides contra,
in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:
contra conserta manu,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
(β).
Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):
contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,
Manil. 2, 253:
posita contra Hispania,
Tac. Agr. 11:
promuntorium quod contra procedit,
Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:
arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,
face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:
jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),
side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
b.
With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
(α).
Referring to persons:
accede ad me atque adi contra,
come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):
adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:
contra adspicere,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:
contra intueri,
Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:
cum veniret contra Marcianus,
Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
(β).
Of things:
hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,
Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:
quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,
Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
2.
Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
(α).
In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:
aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,
at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
(β).
In post-Aug. prose (very rare):
at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
3.
Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
(α).
In gen.:
te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:
quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,
id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:
qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,
make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:
si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:
audi nunc contra jam,
listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:
at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,
you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:
Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,
Liv. 1, 28, 1:
contra ut me diligat illa,
Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:
cui latrans contra senex,
Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:
scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—
Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,
Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:
contra talia reddit,
Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
(β).
With dat. pers.:
consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:
facere contra huic aegre,
Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:
hiscine contra insidiabere?
id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:
tibi contra gratiam Referre,
id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
(γ).
With item:
item a me contra factum est,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:
puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,
id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
(δ).
Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;
Consonat terra,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:
confer gradum Contra pariter,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:
video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:
vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!
Cat. 62, 6.—
(ε).
Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:
si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,
what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:
si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;
Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,
to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:
agedum pauca accipe contra,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:
Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,
Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:
oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,
Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:
dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?
id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
B.
Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
1.
Of physical exertion.
(α).
Lit.:
concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,
struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:
nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,
bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:
at ille contra nititur,
resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:
pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,
rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
(β).
Trop.:
te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:
et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,
Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
2.
Of mental exertion:
si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,
arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:
siti contra... pugnandum,
Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
3.
Of hostile opposition in gen.
(α).
Lit.:
quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,
who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:
contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,
something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
(β).
Trop.:
aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,
Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
4.
Of warfare.
(α).
Lit.:
ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,
Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:
quid quod exercitum contra duxit?
Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:
ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,
if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:
issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,
Liv. 7, 39, 17:
cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,
would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:
et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,
Tac. A. 11, 10.—
(β).
Trop.:
quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,
Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
5.
Of legal contests.
(α).
With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
(β).
Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:
quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?
if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
(γ).
On the part of the adversary:
inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,
Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
(δ).
Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:
ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,
given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
6.
Of literary opposition.
(α).
Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
(β).
With other verbs:
astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,
Lucr. 5, 728:
contra nunc illud pone, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:
habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,
some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
7.
Of public and political opposition.
(α).
With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
(β).
With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:
nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,
no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:
honores contra petere,
Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:
pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,
Tac. A. 14, 45.—
8.
Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:
si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,
and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
9.
With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
a.
Absol.
(α).
Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:
cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,
would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:
hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,
id. Caecin. 33, 97:
dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,
id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:
contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
(β).
To make charges against (rare):
si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,
Cic. Clu. 48, 134:
qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,
id. Quint. 29, 88; so,
contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,
id. Fl. 21, 51.—
(γ).
In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:
fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,
contra disputare and contra scribere,
id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:
nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,
Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:
ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,
to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
(δ).
To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:
quam palam principes dixerunt contra!
protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:
cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,
Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:
filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:
contradicente nullo,
Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
(ε).
To reply:
contradixit edicto,
answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
(ζ).
Abl. absol. impers.:
explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,
whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
b.
With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:
ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:
ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:
aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:
ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),
refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:
quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:
seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,
or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:
dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,
the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
c.
With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
(α).
To oppose a person by speaking against his views:
solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,
to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:
tibi,
Suet. Aug. 54:
Curioni...,
id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:
volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,
my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
(β).
To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:
cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,
opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
(γ).
To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:
patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:
cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,
Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
(δ).
With dat. of the petition:
preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,
which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
(ε).
To contest the validity of a law (rare):
quibus (legibus) contradici potest,
Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
(ζ).
To contradict an assertion (very rare):
pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,
Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
d.
With quin, to object:
praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,
there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
C.
To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;
but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,
Quint. 7, 3, 14:
cum verba (legis) contra sint,
id. 7, 1, 49:
sed experimentum contra fuit,
unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:
ubi fortuna contra fuit,
id. ib. 3, 18:
si fortuna contra daret,
should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
D.
Of logical opposition, with negative force.
1.
Of a direct contrast.
a.
Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:
quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,
but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:
in stultitia contra est,
with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:
in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),
id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:
quod contra est,
Sall. J. 85, 21:
quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:
contra fore si, etc.,
ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:
immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),
ib. 41, 3, 49:
ego contra puto (i. e. esse),
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
b.
With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:
utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,
of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:
id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),
id. Att. 10, 8, 2:
contra evenit in iis morbis,
Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:
ego contra sentio,
Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:
Proculus contra (sc. sentit),
ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:
licet Celsus contra scribat,
ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:
cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,
interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
c.
Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
(α).
To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:
nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,
Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;
quod contra, id turpe,
id. Off. 1, 27, 94:
sit sapienter usus aut contra,
Quint. 2, 5, 15:
lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),
Col. 11, 3, 25.—
(β).
To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:
ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,
improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:
quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,
id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
(γ).
To a verbal predicate:
an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),
Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
(δ).
To a subject infinitive:
laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,
praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
(ε).
To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:
quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,
those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;
mihi contra,
id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
(ζ).
To an attributive genitive:
Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),
Sall. J. 88, 2:
verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),
Quint. 2, 4, 21:
alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,
the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;
so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,
Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
2.
Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
a.
With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;
Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,
Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:
quae etiam contra valent,
i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
b.
Belonging to the same predicate:
ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,
Cic. Or. 36, 123:
cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,
Dig. 35, 2, 48:
in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,
Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:
junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,
id. 1, 5, 68:
ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,
but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:
itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,
Cic. Or. 42, 143:
qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,
or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
E.
In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
1.
In independent clauses.
a.
Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:
ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:
ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:
in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,
Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:
contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?
Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;
so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,
Just. 13, 1, 7.—
b.
Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;
contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,
Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;
nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,
Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:
justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,
Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:
si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
2.
In opposition to a dependent clause:
ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:
cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,
Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:
cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:
at contra,
Lucr. 2, 392.—
3.
With co-ordinate conjunctions.
a.
Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
(α).
With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:
malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,
id. ib. 2, 7, 23:
cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,
Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:
itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:
nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,
Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
(β).
With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:
audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,
Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:
ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,
id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
(γ).
With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:
atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!
Cic. Balb. 22, 51:
domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,
Dig. 13, 7, 21:
equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
(δ).
After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:
in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,
Cic. Sull. 7, 21:
nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,
id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,
et contra,
Suet. Tit. 7.—
b.
With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
(α).
At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;
At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,
Lucr. 2, 400:
cogunt,
id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;
at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,
Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:
ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
(β).
Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):
non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:
arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,
Liv. 45, 18, 1:
tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,
Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:
obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,
Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
(γ).
Contra autem (rare;
in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,
Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:
sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,
Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
(δ).
Contra vero (very rare;
not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,
Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
(ε).
Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
c.
With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
(α).
Aut contra:
num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?
Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:
si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,
Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
(β).
Vel contra:
hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?
Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
(γ).
Seu contra:
seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,
Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
d.
With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;
never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,
Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
4.
In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
(α).
In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):
aliis vero econtra videtur,
Hier. Ep. 12.—
(β).
Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):
honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
5.
With emphatic particles.
a.
Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);
not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,
Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
b.
Immo contra (post-Aug.).
(α).
= no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:
existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,
Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
(β).
= sed contra, but on the contrary:
proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,
Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:
immo contra ea,
Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
c.
Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):
quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
F.
With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
1.
Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
(α).
With atque:
item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:
simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:
judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,
Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
(β).
With ac:
itaque contra est ac dicitis,
Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:
vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:
cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,
id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:
Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,
Sall. C. 60, 5.—
(γ).
With ac and atque:
si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,
Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
(δ).
With quam (post-Aug.):
cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,
Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:
contra quam licet,
id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
2.
Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:
mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,
contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,
contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:
contra quam ista causa postulasset,
id. Caecin. 24, 67:
contra quam sanctum legibus est,
Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:
contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,
Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
II.
Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
A.
Local uses.
1.
Opposite, over against, facing.
a.
Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;
adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:
ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,
id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:
Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,
Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:
Carthago Italiam contra,
Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:
insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,
Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
b.
Of the heavenly bodies:
donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,
Lucr. 5, 708:
contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,
Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:
cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:
contra mediam faciem meridies erit,
id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
c.
Of opposite ends of a line.
(α).
Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
(β).
Of a line drawn:
contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,
opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
d.
Of buildings, etc.:
contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,
Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:
(statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,
Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:
contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
e.
Of places on the human body:
id quod contra stomachum est,
Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;
4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,
Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
2.
Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:
adversus, ad, e regione,
Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
a.
In gen.:
quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,
Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:
et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?
Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:
rex constiterat contra pedites,
Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:
ne contra septentrionem paveris,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:
contra solem varie refulgens,
placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;
37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,
id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
b.
Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):
(Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,
towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:
lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,
Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
c.
Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
d.
Against an opposing action, etc.:
contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,
Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:
cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,
Vitr. 1, 6, 8:
ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,
Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:
contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,
id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:
capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,
id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:
contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,
Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:
contra stimulum calces,
kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
e.
Of local actions with hostile intent.
(α).
Lit.:
quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:
Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),
id. Att. 15, 20, 3:
pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,
to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:
a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,
id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:
Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,
Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:
terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,
i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
(β).
Trop.:
castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:
tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:
cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:
(Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,
when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
f.
In partic.
(α).
Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:
quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,
Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:
contra populi studium,
Cic. Brut. 34, 126:
contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,
id. ib. 79, 273; so,
a mendacio contra veritatem,
id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:
contra cives in acie,
id. Att. 16, 11, 2:
et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:
haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,
Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
(β).
Contra aliquem ire:
aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,
Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:
uti contra injurias armati eatis,
Sall. J. 31, 6:
interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,
Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
3.
Transf.,
a.
To persons placed together for comparison:
C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,
Quint. 10, 1, 114:
CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,
Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
b.
To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
(α).
Lit. (very rare):
quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
(β).
Prop.:
cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,
Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:
qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,
Sen. Ep. 9, 9:
numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:
tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,
id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:
nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,
as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:
(illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,
Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:
contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?
Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,
robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,
id. ib. 13, 2;
so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,
Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
c.
Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):
numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,
superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):
oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,
Petr. 7, 6.—
d.
Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:
contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 29:
contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,
Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:
quae contra breviter fata est vates,
Verg. A. 6, 398:
contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,
Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
B.
Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
1.
With verbs of hostile action.
a.
Of physical exertion:
pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,
Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:
proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
b.
Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.
bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),
Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:
contra Antonium,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,
contra patriam,
id. Sull. 20, 58:
pugnare contra patriam,
id. ib. 25, 70:
contra conjuges et liberos,
Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:
armatum esse contra populum Romanum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:
armis contendere contra,
Caes. B. G. 2, 13:
arma alicui dare (trop.),
Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:
aciem instruere (trop.),
Liv. 25, 4, 4:
exercitum comparare,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:
exercitum instruere,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:
exercitum ducere and adducere,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:
exercitum contra Philippum mittere,
id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:
naves ducere contra,
Hor. Epod. 4, 19:
ducere contra hostes,
Liv. 1, 27, 4:
florem Italiae educere contra,
Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:
proficisci contra,
to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:
auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,
Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:
juvare aliquem contra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 35:
consilium inire contra Sequanos,
to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
c.
Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
(α).
In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:
cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,
Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:
(causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:
rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,
Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:
esse contra,
id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;
at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,
Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:
causam defendere contra,
against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:
statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),
to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:
actio competit contra,
Dig. 49, 14, 41:
querelam instituere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:
bonorum possessionem petere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 23:
jus obtinere contra,
Cic. Quint. 9, 34:
pugnare contra,
to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:
id quod mihi contra illos datum est,
i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:
judicare contra aliquem,
id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:
pronuntiare contra,
Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:
decernere contra,
Cic. Fl. 31, 76:
appellare contra aliquem,
Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:
contra sententiam,
Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:
cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
(β).
Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:
quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?
Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:
contra rem suam me venisse questus est,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
(γ).
With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:
ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:
cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,
id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,
causam dicere,
id. Or. 2, 23, 98:
causam perorare,
id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:
quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,
id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:
si Gaditani contra me dicerent,
if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:
si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:
testimonium in aliquem dicere,
id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):
contra juris consultos dicere,
against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:
contra testes dicendum est,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:
cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,
Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:
tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?
Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
d.
Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:
cum scriberem contra Epicurios,
Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:
contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,
id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:
contra Brutum,
id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:
contra Academiam,
id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:
contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,
id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
e.
Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
(α).
In gen.:
sentire contra,
Cic. Mil. 2, 5:
pugnare contra bonos,
id. Sull. 25, 71:
contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,
Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:
(tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,
Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
(β).
Of political speaking:
cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,
Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
f.
Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:
adversus, in): inire consilia contra,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:
manum comparare contra aliquem,
id. Sull. 24, 68:
conjurationem facere,
id. ib. 4, 12:
congredi,
id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:
aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,
Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:
nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,
against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:
eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,
operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:
homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?
Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:
epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:
disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,
to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
2.
Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:
licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,
injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:
res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,
id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:
nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,
Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:
quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,
id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
3.
Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:
Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?
or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:
sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,
id. Att. 7, 5, 5:
judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,
id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:
cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:
fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,
in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
4.
Dependent on adjectives (rare):
contra se ipse misericors,
to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:
severissimus judex contra fures,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
5.
With nouns.
a.
Acc. to 1. b.:
ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
b.
Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
(α).
Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:
quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:
Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,
Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,
haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:
orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,
id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
(β).
Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:
unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,
Cic. Brut. 26, 99:
(Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,
id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
c.
Acc. to 1. f.:
contra patres concitatio et seditio,
Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:
contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,
Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
C.
With inanimate and abstract objects.
1.
Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
a.
Of physical or moral exertion:
cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,
Verg. A. 10, 567:
pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,
Cic. Sen. 11, 35:
contra verum niti,
Sall. J. 35, 8:
contra fortunam luctari,
Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
b.
Of warfare (lit. and trop.):
bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:
bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,
id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:
artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,
Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
c.
Of legal contention.
(α).
Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:
contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),
Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:
contra ratiocinationem,
id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:
contra caput dicere,
to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:
servum in caput domini interrogare,
Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:
contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
(β).
Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:
contra tabulas judicare,
Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:
contra testamentum,
Dig. 2, 17, § 1:
contra sententiam dicere,
ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
(γ).
Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:
inmittere in bona),
Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
d.
Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
(α).
To contend that something is false:
dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:
in sententiam dicere,
in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):
contra sensus dicere,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:
contra rhetoricen dicere,
Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
(β).
Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:
contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,
Vitr. 7, praef. 8:
contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
(γ).
Ethically:
contra voluptatem dicere,
that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:
contra mortem loqui,
that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;
in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,
id. ib. 100, 10:
contra fortunam gloriari,
that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
e.
Of public and political acts and speeches:
contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,
Cic. Brut. 44, 164:
contra legem dicere or verba facere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:
rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),
Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
f.
Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
(α).
In gen.:
senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,
directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:
contra rem publicam se commovere,
id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:
incitari,
id. Sest. 47, 100:
consilia inire,
id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:
conjurationem facere,
Sall. C. 30, 6:
contra salutem urbis incitari,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:
cogitare aliquid contra salutem,
id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:
esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:
ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,
do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:
quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),
Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
(β).
In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:
si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,
Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,
contra salutem rei publicae facere,
Cic. Dom. 38, 102:
contra majestatem,
against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:
contra leges,
Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:
contra edictum (praetoris),
Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:
contra foedus,
Cic. Balb. 6, 16:
contra jusjurandum ac fidem,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:
tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?
Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):
corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,
Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
2.
Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
(α).
With esse expressed as the predicate:
hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,
Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:
contra leges or legem est,
Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:
contra officium est,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:
adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,
unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
(β).
With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:
scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:
aliquid contra animum audiendi,
something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:
si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
(γ).
Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:
Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
3.
Adverbially with the predicate.
(α).
In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):
eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,
that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:
imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,
to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,
advocare contra,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:
si contra mortem te praeparaveris,
to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
(β).
With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:
quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,
Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:
contra hominis salutem,
with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
(γ).
In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;
syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,
Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:
pecuniam contra leges auferre,
id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:
contra legem,
id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:
contra jus fasque,
id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:
contra jus,
Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:
contra jus gentium,
Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;
6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,
Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:
contra testimonium aliquid judicare,
without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:
aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,
contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:
aliquid contra fidem constituere,
Quint. 5, 13, 34:
quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,
contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
4.
Dependent on substt.
a.
Of physical strife:
scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),
Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
b.
Of warfare:
imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:
Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,
Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
c.
Of legal contention:
causa contra scriptum,
Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
d.
Of political speaking:
divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,
Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
e.
Of literary opposition:
Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
f.
Of hostility, etc.:
cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:
ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,
Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
g.
Of injury:
vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,
Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
h.
Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):
iter contra senatus auctoritatem,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:
contra consuetudinem somnium,
Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:
bonorum possessio contra tabulas,
Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
5.
Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.
II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
D.
Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
1.
Against persons.
a.
Dependent on verbs:
cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:
contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,
provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:
contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,
Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
b.
Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:
paratus contra,
Cic. Mil. 21, 56:
nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,
Sall. J. 80, 1:
contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,
Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
2.
Against inanimate and abstract things.
a.
Dependent on verbs:
contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,
Cic. Sen. 15, 51:
propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:
publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,
id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:
contra tantas difficultates providere,
Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,
contra ea,
id. ib. 57, 5:
patricii vi contra vim resistunt,
Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
b.
Dependent on substt.:
suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:
defensio contra vim,
id. Mil. 5, 14:
patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,
id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:
contra labores patientia,
id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
c.
Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;
in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,
against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:
ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:
vir contra audaciam firmissimus,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:
fortis contra dolorem,
Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:
callosus,
Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:
far contra hiemes firmissimum,
id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:
equus tenax contra vincula,
Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:
contraque minantia fata pervigil,
Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
3.
Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
(α).
Dependent on verbs:
cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,
Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:
prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,
id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:
valet potum contra venena,
id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
(β).
Dependent on substt.:
remedium contra morsus,
Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:
contra venena esse omnia remedio,
id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
(γ).
Dependent on adjectives:
vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,
Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
(δ).
Appositively, as a remedy:
cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,
Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:
Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,
Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
E.
Of logical opposition.
1.
With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
a.
The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.
I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,
but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:
omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,
and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
b.
Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):
omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),
but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;
contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,
Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;
44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):
an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),
Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
c.
Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):
illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,
whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:
cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),
Cic. Sen. 23, 84:
quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,
id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.
Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,
id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;
v. Ritschl,
Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
2.
With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:
contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,
Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:
Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),
Sall. J. 88, 1; so,
cetera contra spem salva invenit,
Liv. 9, 23, 17:
contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,
id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;
but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),
Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:
postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,
Sall. J. 20, 1:
ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),
id. ib. 46, 5:
contra famam,
Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:
segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,
slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:
frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,
contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
F.
Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
1.
In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:
quos contra disputant,
Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:
quem contra dicit,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):
quem contra veneris,
id. Mur. 4, 9:
quas contra, praeter te, etc.,
id. Vatin. 7, 18:
eos ipsos quos contra statuas,
id. Or. 10, 34:
quos contra me senatus armavit,
id. Att. 10, 8, 8:
quam contra multa locutus est,
Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
2.
After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):
hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,
Lucr. 4, 471:
dicere eos contra,
id. 4, 484:
donique eum contra,
id. 5, 708:
agmina contra,
Verg. A. 12, 279:
magnum Alciden contra,
id. ib. 5, 414:
Paridem contra,
id. ib. 5, 370:
Italiam contra,
id. ib. 1, 13:
deos contra,
Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:
Messania moenia contra,
id. M. 14, 17:
litora Calabriae contra,
Tac. A. 3, 1.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra dicta
17 capud

căpŭt ( kăp-căpud), ĭtis ( abl. sing. regularly capite:
capiti,
Cat. 68, 124; cf. Tib. 1, 1, 72 Huschk., where the MSS., as well as Caes. German. Arat. 213, vary between the two forms), n. [kindr. with Sanscr. kap-āla; Gr. keph-alê; Goth. haubith; Germ. Haupt].
I.
The head, of men and animals:
oscitat in campis caput a cervice revolsum,
Enn. Ann. 462 Vahl.: i lictor, conliga manus, caput obnubito, form. ap. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 13; cf. Liv. 1, 26, 6:
tun' capite cano amas, homo nequissume?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 34; so,
cano capite,
id. As. 5, 2, 84; id. Cas. 3, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 1, 72; Pers. 1, 83 al.; cf. Tib. 1, 10, 43, and:
capitis nives,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 12, and Quint. 8, 6, 17 Spald.:
raso capite calvus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 306:
irraso,
id. Rud. 5, 2, 16:
intonsum,
Quint. 12, 10, 47:
amputare alicui,
Suet. Galb. 20; Vulg. 1 Par. 10, 9:
capite operto,
Cic. Sen. 10, 34, 34:
obvoluto,
id. Phil. 2, 31, 77 Klotz:
caput aperire,
id. ib.:
abscindere cervicibus,
id. ib. 11, 2, 5:
demittere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 32; Cat. 87, 8; Verg. A. 9, 437: attollere. Ov. M. 5, 503:
extollere,
to become bold, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: efferre, to raise one ' s head, to be eminent, Verg. E. 1, 25 al.—Of animals, Tib. 2, 1, 8; Hor. S. 1, 2, 89; 2, 3, 200; id. Ep. 1, 1, 76 al.—
b.
Prov.: supra caput esse, to be over one ' s head, i. e. to be at one ' s very doors, to threaten in consequence of nearness ( = imminere, impendere), Sall. C. 52, 24; Liv. 3, 17, 2; Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. Kritz ad Sall. l. l.: capita conferre (like our phrase to put heads together, i. e to confer together in secret), Liv. 2, 45, 7:
ire praecipitem in lutum, per caputque pedesque,
over head and ears, Cat. 17, 9:
nec caput nec pedes,
neither beginning nor end, good for nothing, Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2; cf. Cato ap. Liv. Epit. lib. 50; Plaut. As. 3, 3, 139 sq.—
c.
Capita aut navia (al. navim), heads or tails, a play of the Roman youth in which a piece of money is thrown up, to see whether the figure-side (the head of Janus) or the reverse - side (a ship) will fall uppermost, Macr. S. 1, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 3; cf. Ov. F. 1, 239; Paul. Nol. Poëm. 38, 73.—
d.
Poet., the head, as the seat of the understanding:
aliena negotia Per caput saliunt,
run through the head, Hor. S. 2, 6, 34; so id. ib. 2, 3, 132; id. A. P. 300.—
e.
Ad Capita bubula, a place in Rome in the tenth region, where Augustus was born, Suet. Aug. 5.—
2.
Transf., of inanimate things.
a.
In gen., the head, top, summit, point, end, extremity (beginning or end):
ulpici,
Cato, R. R. 71:
allii,
Col. 6, 34, 1:
porri,
id. 11, 3, 17:
papaveris,
Liv. 1, 54, 6; Verg. A. 9, 437:
bulborum,
Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:
caulis,
id. 19, 8, 41, § 140 al.:
jecoris (or jecinoris, jocinoris),
Cic. Div. 2, 13, 32; Liv. 8, 9, 1; cf. id. 27, 26, 14; 41, 14, 7; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 Müll.:
extorum,
Ov. M. 15, 795; Luc. 1, 627; Plin. 11, 37, 73, § 189: pontis, tēte de pont, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 4; cf. Front. Arat. 2, 13, 5:
tignorum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 9:
columnae,
Plin. 34, 3, 7, § 13:
molis,
the highest point of the mole, Curt. 4, 2, 23:
xysti,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 20:
porticus,
id. ib. 5, 6, 19 al.—
b.
Esp., of rivers,
(α).
The origin, source, spring ( head):
caput aquae illud est, unde aqua nascitur,
Dig. 43, 20, 1, § 8; so Lucr. 5, 270; 6, 636; 6, 729; Tib. 1, 7, 24; Hor. C. 1, 1, 22; id. S. 1, 10, 37; Verg. G. 4, 319; 4, 368; Ov. M. 2, 255; Hirt. B. G. 8, 41; Liv. 1, 51, 9; 2, 38, 1; 37, 18, 6:
fontium,
Vitr. 8, 1; Mel. 3, 2, 8; Plin. Ep. 8, 8, 5; 10, 91, 1 al.—
(β).
(more rare) The mouth, embouchure, Caes. B. G. 4, 10; Liv. 33, 41, 7; Luc. 2, 52; 3, 202.—
c.
Also of plants, sometimes the root, Cato, R. R. 36; 43; 51:
vitis,
id. ib. 33, 1; 95, 2; Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 195; Verg. G. 2, 355.—
d.
Also, in reference to the vine, vine branches, Col. 3, 10, 1; Cic. Sen. 15, 53.— Poet., also the summit, top of trees, Enn. ap. Gell. 13, 20, and ap. Non. 195, 24; Ov. M. 1, 567; Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 90; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 370. —
e.
Of mountains, rocks, Verg. A. 4, 249; 6, 360.—
f.
Of a boil that swells out, Cels. 8, 9;
hence, facere,
to come to a head, Plin. 22, 25, 76, § 159; 26, 12, 77, § 125; cf.: capita deorum appellabantur fasciculi facti ex verbenis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64 Müll.—
II.
Per meton. (pars pro toto), a man, person, or animal (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf. kara, kephalê,, in the same signif.;
v. Liddell and Scott and Robinson): pro capite tuo quantum dedit,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 37:
hoc conruptum'st caput,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 85:
siquidem hoc vivet caput, i. e. ego,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 33; so id. Stich. 5, 5, 10; cf. id. Capt. 5, 1, 25:
ridiculum caput!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 34:
festivum,
id. Ad. 2, 3, 8:
lepidum,
id. ib. 5, 9, 9:
carum,
Verg. A. 4, 354; Hor. C. 1, 24, 2:
liberum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 79:
vilia,
Liv. 25, 6, 9:
viliora,
id. 9, 26, 22:
vilissima,
id. 24, 5, 13:
ignota,
id. 3, 7, 7; cf. id. 2, 5, 6:
liberorum servorumque,
id. 29, 29, 3 al. —In imprecations:
istic capiti dicito,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 47; cf.:
vae capiti tuo,
id. Most. 4, 3, 10; so id. Poen. 3, 3, 32; Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 2, 12; Verg. A. 8, 484; 11, 399 al.—With numerals:
capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII.,
souls, Caes. B. G. 1, 29; 4, 15:
quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; id. Ep. 2, 2, 189; cf. id. C. 1, 28, 20 al.; so, in capita, in distribution, to or for each person (cf. in Heb. also, for each head, poll, = for each individual, v. Robinson in h. v.), Liv. 2, 33, 11; 32, 17, 2; 34, 50, 6 al. (cf.:
in singulos,
id. 42, 4, 5).—Of. the poll-tax:
exactio capitum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5; so,
capite censi, v. censeo.—Of animals,
Verg. A. 3, 391; Col. 6, 5, 4 fin.; 8, 5, 4; 8, 5, 7; 8, 11, 13; Veg. Vet. 1, 18.—
III.
Trop.
1.
Life, and specif.,
a.
Physical life:
carum,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 33 sq.; 5, 1, 26:
si capitis res siet,
if it is a matter of life and death, id. Trin. 4, 2, 120: capitis periculum adire, to risk one ' s life, Ter. And. 4, 1, 53; id. Hec. 3, 1, 54; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 2, 6 Runnk.:
capitis poena,
capital punishment, Caes. B. G. 7, 71:
pactum pro capite pretium,
Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:
cum altero certamen honoris et dignitatis est, cum altero capitis et famae,
id. ib. 1, 12, 38:
cum dimicatione capitis,
id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; cf.:
suo capite decernere,
id. Att. 10, 9, 2; so Liv. 2, 12, 10; Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; Liv. 9, 5, 5:
caput offerre pro patriā,
Cic. Sull. 30, 84:
patrium tibi crede caput, i. e. patris vitam et salutem,
Ov. M. 8, 94; so,
capitis accusare,
to accuse of a capital crime, Nep. Paus. 2 fin.:
absolvere,
id. Milt. 7, 6:
damnare,
id. Alcib. 4, 5; id. Eum. 5, 1:
tergo ac capite puniri,
Liv. 3, 55, 14:
caput Jovi sacrum,
id. 3, 55, 7:
sacratum,
id. 10, 38, 3 al.; cf. Ov. M. 9, 296.—
b.
Civil or political life, acc. to the Roman idea, including the rights of liberty, citizenship, [p. 290] and family (libertatis, civitatis, familiae): its loss or deprivation was called deminutio or minutio capitis, acc. to the foll. jurid. distinction: capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt: maxima, media, minima; tria enim sunt, quae habemus: libertatem, civitatem, familiam. Igitur cum omnia haec amittimus (as by servitude or condemnation to death), maximam esse capitis deminutionem; cum vero amittimus civitatem (as in the interdictio aquae et ignis) libertatem retinemus, mediam esse capitis deminutionem;
cum et libertas et civitas retinetur, familia tantum mutatur (as by adoption, or, in the case of women, by marriage) minimam esse capitis deminutionem constat,
Dig. 4, 5, 11; cf. Just. Inst. 1, 16, 4; Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 181; 1, 54, 231; id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; Liv. 3, 55, 14; 22, 60, 15:
capitis minor,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 42:
servus manumissus capite non minuitur, quia nulnum caput habuit,
Dig. 4, 5, 3, § 1.—Of the deminutio media, Cic. Brut. 36, 136; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, §§ 98 and 99; id. Quint. 2, 8 al.—Of the deminutio minima, Cic. Top. 4, 18; cf. Gai Inst. 1, 162.—
2.
The first or chief person or thing, the head, leader, chief, guide (very freq.).
(α).
With gen.:
scelerum,
an arrant knave, Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 4, 7, 31; id. Mil. 2, 6, 14; id. Ps. 1, 5, 31; 4, 5, 3; id. Rud. 4, 4, 54:
perjuri,
id. ib. 4, 4, 55:
concitandorum Graecorum,
Cic. Fl. 18, 42:
consilil,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:
conjurationis,
id. 9, 26, 7:
caput rei Romanae Camillus,
id. 6, 3, 1; cf.:
caput rerum Masinissam fuisse,
id. 28, 35, 12; so id. 26, 40, 13:
reipublicae,
Tac. A. 1, 13:
nominis Latini,
heads, chiefs, Liv. 1, 52, 4:
belli,
id. 45, 7, 3:
Suevorum,
chieftribe, Tac. G. 39 fin. al.—The predicate in gen. masc.:
capita conjurationis ejus virgis caesi ac securi percussi,
Liv. 10, 1, 3.—
(β).
With esse and dat.:
ego caput fui argento reperiundo,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 138; cf.:
illic est huic rei caput,
author, contriver, Ter. And. 2, 6, 27; so id. Ad. 4, 2, 29 al.—
(γ).
Absol.:
urgerent philosophorum greges, jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,
Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:
corpori valido caput deerat,
guide, leader, Liv. 5, 46, 5:
esse aliquod caput (i. e. regem) placebat,
id. 1, 17, 4; cf. id. 1, 23, 4; Hor. S. 2, 5, 74 al.—Of things, head, chief, capital, etc.;
thus of cities: Thebas caput fuisse totius Graeciae,
head, first city, Nep. Epam. 10 fin.; so with gen., Liv. 9, 37, 12; 10, 37, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 23, 11, 11; 37, 18, 3 (with arx); cf.:
pro capite atque arce Italiae, urbe Romanā,
Liv. 22, 32, 5; and with dat.:
Romam caput Latio esse,
id. 8, 4, 5; and:
brevi caput Italiae omni Capuam fore,
id. 23, 10, 2 Drak. N. cr. —Of other localities:
castellum quod caput ejus regionis erat,
the head, principal place, Liv. 21, 33, 11.—Of other things:
jus nigrum, quod cenae caput erat,
the principal dish, Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98; cf. id. Fin. 2, 8, 25:
patrimonii publici,
id. Agr. 1, 7, 21; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 80; Liv. 6, 14, 10: caput esse artis, decere, the main or principal point, Cic. de Or. 1, 29, 132:
caput esse ad beate vivendum securitatem,
id. Lael. 13, 45: ad consilium de re publicā dandum caput est nosse rem publicam;
ad dicendum vero probabiliter, nosse mores civitatis,
id. de Or. 2, 82, 337; 1, 19, 87:
litterarum,
summary, purport, substance, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:
caput Epicuri,
the fundamental principle, dogma, id. Ac. 2, 32, 101; cf. Quint. 3, 11, 27: rerum, the chief or central point, head, Cic. Brut. 44, 164.—So in writings, a division, section, paragraph, chapter, etc.:
a primo capite legis usque ad extremum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 26; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 118 Ascon.; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; Gell. 2, 15, 4 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 223; id. Fam. 7, 22 med.; Quint. 10, 7, 32:
id quod caput est,
Cic. Att. 1, 17, 4; so id. Fam. 3, 7, 4.—Of money, the principal sum, the capital, stock (syn. sors;
opp. usurae),
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 11; 2, 3, 35, § 80 sq.; id. Att. 15, 26, 4; Liv. 6, 15, 10; 6, 35, 4; Hor. S. 1, 2, 14 al.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > capud
18 caput

căpŭt ( kăp-căpud), ĭtis ( abl. sing. regularly capite:
capiti,
Cat. 68, 124; cf. Tib. 1, 1, 72 Huschk., where the MSS., as well as Caes. German. Arat. 213, vary between the two forms), n. [kindr. with Sanscr. kap-āla; Gr. keph-alê; Goth. haubith; Germ. Haupt].
I.
The head, of men and animals:
oscitat in campis caput a cervice revolsum,
Enn. Ann. 462 Vahl.: i lictor, conliga manus, caput obnubito, form. ap. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 13; cf. Liv. 1, 26, 6:
tun' capite cano amas, homo nequissume?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 34; so,
cano capite,
id. As. 5, 2, 84; id. Cas. 3, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 1, 72; Pers. 1, 83 al.; cf. Tib. 1, 10, 43, and:
capitis nives,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 12, and Quint. 8, 6, 17 Spald.:
raso capite calvus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 306:
irraso,
id. Rud. 5, 2, 16:
intonsum,
Quint. 12, 10, 47:
amputare alicui,
Suet. Galb. 20; Vulg. 1 Par. 10, 9:
capite operto,
Cic. Sen. 10, 34, 34:
obvoluto,
id. Phil. 2, 31, 77 Klotz:
caput aperire,
id. ib.:
abscindere cervicibus,
id. ib. 11, 2, 5:
demittere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 32; Cat. 87, 8; Verg. A. 9, 437: attollere. Ov. M. 5, 503:
extollere,
to become bold, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: efferre, to raise one ' s head, to be eminent, Verg. E. 1, 25 al.—Of animals, Tib. 2, 1, 8; Hor. S. 1, 2, 89; 2, 3, 200; id. Ep. 1, 1, 76 al.—
b.
Prov.: supra caput esse, to be over one ' s head, i. e. to be at one ' s very doors, to threaten in consequence of nearness ( = imminere, impendere), Sall. C. 52, 24; Liv. 3, 17, 2; Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. Kritz ad Sall. l. l.: capita conferre (like our phrase to put heads together, i. e to confer together in secret), Liv. 2, 45, 7:
ire praecipitem in lutum, per caputque pedesque,
over head and ears, Cat. 17, 9:
nec caput nec pedes,
neither beginning nor end, good for nothing, Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2; cf. Cato ap. Liv. Epit. lib. 50; Plaut. As. 3, 3, 139 sq.—
c.
Capita aut navia (al. navim), heads or tails, a play of the Roman youth in which a piece of money is thrown up, to see whether the figure-side (the head of Janus) or the reverse - side (a ship) will fall uppermost, Macr. S. 1, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 3; cf. Ov. F. 1, 239; Paul. Nol. Poëm. 38, 73.—
d.
Poet., the head, as the seat of the understanding:
aliena negotia Per caput saliunt,
run through the head, Hor. S. 2, 6, 34; so id. ib. 2, 3, 132; id. A. P. 300.—
e.
Ad Capita bubula, a place in Rome in the tenth region, where Augustus was born, Suet. Aug. 5.—
2.
Transf., of inanimate things.
a.
In gen., the head, top, summit, point, end, extremity (beginning or end):
ulpici,
Cato, R. R. 71:
allii,
Col. 6, 34, 1:
porri,
id. 11, 3, 17:
papaveris,
Liv. 1, 54, 6; Verg. A. 9, 437:
bulborum,
Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:
caulis,
id. 19, 8, 41, § 140 al.:
jecoris (or jecinoris, jocinoris),
Cic. Div. 2, 13, 32; Liv. 8, 9, 1; cf. id. 27, 26, 14; 41, 14, 7; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 Müll.:
extorum,
Ov. M. 15, 795; Luc. 1, 627; Plin. 11, 37, 73, § 189: pontis, tēte de pont, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 4; cf. Front. Arat. 2, 13, 5:
tignorum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 9:
columnae,
Plin. 34, 3, 7, § 13:
molis,
the highest point of the mole, Curt. 4, 2, 23:
xysti,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 20:
porticus,
id. ib. 5, 6, 19 al.—
b.
Esp., of rivers,
(α).
The origin, source, spring ( head):
caput aquae illud est, unde aqua nascitur,
Dig. 43, 20, 1, § 8; so Lucr. 5, 270; 6, 636; 6, 729; Tib. 1, 7, 24; Hor. C. 1, 1, 22; id. S. 1, 10, 37; Verg. G. 4, 319; 4, 368; Ov. M. 2, 255; Hirt. B. G. 8, 41; Liv. 1, 51, 9; 2, 38, 1; 37, 18, 6:
fontium,
Vitr. 8, 1; Mel. 3, 2, 8; Plin. Ep. 8, 8, 5; 10, 91, 1 al.—
(β).
(more rare) The mouth, embouchure, Caes. B. G. 4, 10; Liv. 33, 41, 7; Luc. 2, 52; 3, 202.—
c.
Also of plants, sometimes the root, Cato, R. R. 36; 43; 51:
vitis,
id. ib. 33, 1; 95, 2; Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 195; Verg. G. 2, 355.—
d.
Also, in reference to the vine, vine branches, Col. 3, 10, 1; Cic. Sen. 15, 53.— Poet., also the summit, top of trees, Enn. ap. Gell. 13, 20, and ap. Non. 195, 24; Ov. M. 1, 567; Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 90; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 370. —
e.
Of mountains, rocks, Verg. A. 4, 249; 6, 360.—
f.
Of a boil that swells out, Cels. 8, 9;
hence, facere,
to come to a head, Plin. 22, 25, 76, § 159; 26, 12, 77, § 125; cf.: capita deorum appellabantur fasciculi facti ex verbenis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64 Müll.—
II.
Per meton. (pars pro toto), a man, person, or animal (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf. kara, kephalê,, in the same signif.;
v. Liddell and Scott and Robinson): pro capite tuo quantum dedit,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 37:
hoc conruptum'st caput,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 85:
siquidem hoc vivet caput, i. e. ego,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 33; so id. Stich. 5, 5, 10; cf. id. Capt. 5, 1, 25:
ridiculum caput!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 34:
festivum,
id. Ad. 2, 3, 8:
lepidum,
id. ib. 5, 9, 9:
carum,
Verg. A. 4, 354; Hor. C. 1, 24, 2:
liberum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 79:
vilia,
Liv. 25, 6, 9:
viliora,
id. 9, 26, 22:
vilissima,
id. 24, 5, 13:
ignota,
id. 3, 7, 7; cf. id. 2, 5, 6:
liberorum servorumque,
id. 29, 29, 3 al. —In imprecations:
istic capiti dicito,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 47; cf.:
vae capiti tuo,
id. Most. 4, 3, 10; so id. Poen. 3, 3, 32; Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 2, 12; Verg. A. 8, 484; 11, 399 al.—With numerals:
capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII.,
souls, Caes. B. G. 1, 29; 4, 15:
quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; id. Ep. 2, 2, 189; cf. id. C. 1, 28, 20 al.; so, in capita, in distribution, to or for each person (cf. in Heb. also, for each head, poll, = for each individual, v. Robinson in h. v.), Liv. 2, 33, 11; 32, 17, 2; 34, 50, 6 al. (cf.:
in singulos,
id. 42, 4, 5).—Of. the poll-tax:
exactio capitum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5; so,
capite censi, v. censeo.—Of animals,
Verg. A. 3, 391; Col. 6, 5, 4 fin.; 8, 5, 4; 8, 5, 7; 8, 11, 13; Veg. Vet. 1, 18.—
III.
Trop.
1.
Life, and specif.,
a.
Physical life:
carum,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 33 sq.; 5, 1, 26:
si capitis res siet,
if it is a matter of life and death, id. Trin. 4, 2, 120: capitis periculum adire, to risk one ' s life, Ter. And. 4, 1, 53; id. Hec. 3, 1, 54; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 2, 6 Runnk.:
capitis poena,
capital punishment, Caes. B. G. 7, 71:
pactum pro capite pretium,
Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:
cum altero certamen honoris et dignitatis est, cum altero capitis et famae,
id. ib. 1, 12, 38:
cum dimicatione capitis,
id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; cf.:
suo capite decernere,
id. Att. 10, 9, 2; so Liv. 2, 12, 10; Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; Liv. 9, 5, 5:
caput offerre pro patriā,
Cic. Sull. 30, 84:
patrium tibi crede caput, i. e. patris vitam et salutem,
Ov. M. 8, 94; so,
capitis accusare,
to accuse of a capital crime, Nep. Paus. 2 fin.:
absolvere,
id. Milt. 7, 6:
damnare,
id. Alcib. 4, 5; id. Eum. 5, 1:
tergo ac capite puniri,
Liv. 3, 55, 14:
caput Jovi sacrum,
id. 3, 55, 7:
sacratum,
id. 10, 38, 3 al.; cf. Ov. M. 9, 296.—
b.
Civil or political life, acc. to the Roman idea, including the rights of liberty, citizenship, [p. 290] and family (libertatis, civitatis, familiae): its loss or deprivation was called deminutio or minutio capitis, acc. to the foll. jurid. distinction: capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt: maxima, media, minima; tria enim sunt, quae habemus: libertatem, civitatem, familiam. Igitur cum omnia haec amittimus (as by servitude or condemnation to death), maximam esse capitis deminutionem; cum vero amittimus civitatem (as in the interdictio aquae et ignis) libertatem retinemus, mediam esse capitis deminutionem;
cum et libertas et civitas retinetur, familia tantum mutatur (as by adoption, or, in the case of women, by marriage) minimam esse capitis deminutionem constat,
Dig. 4, 5, 11; cf. Just. Inst. 1, 16, 4; Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 181; 1, 54, 231; id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; Liv. 3, 55, 14; 22, 60, 15:
capitis minor,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 42:
servus manumissus capite non minuitur, quia nulnum caput habuit,
Dig. 4, 5, 3, § 1.—Of the deminutio media, Cic. Brut. 36, 136; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, §§ 98 and 99; id. Quint. 2, 8 al.—Of the deminutio minima, Cic. Top. 4, 18; cf. Gai Inst. 1, 162.—
2.
The first or chief person or thing, the head, leader, chief, guide (very freq.).
(α).
With gen.:
scelerum,
an arrant knave, Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 4, 7, 31; id. Mil. 2, 6, 14; id. Ps. 1, 5, 31; 4, 5, 3; id. Rud. 4, 4, 54:
perjuri,
id. ib. 4, 4, 55:
concitandorum Graecorum,
Cic. Fl. 18, 42:
consilil,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:
conjurationis,
id. 9, 26, 7:
caput rei Romanae Camillus,
id. 6, 3, 1; cf.:
caput rerum Masinissam fuisse,
id. 28, 35, 12; so id. 26, 40, 13:
reipublicae,
Tac. A. 1, 13:
nominis Latini,
heads, chiefs, Liv. 1, 52, 4:
belli,
id. 45, 7, 3:
Suevorum,
chieftribe, Tac. G. 39 fin. al.—The predicate in gen. masc.:
capita conjurationis ejus virgis caesi ac securi percussi,
Liv. 10, 1, 3.—
(β).
With esse and dat.:
ego caput fui argento reperiundo,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 138; cf.:
illic est huic rei caput,
author, contriver, Ter. And. 2, 6, 27; so id. Ad. 4, 2, 29 al.—
(γ).
Absol.:
urgerent philosophorum greges, jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,
Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:
corpori valido caput deerat,
guide, leader, Liv. 5, 46, 5:
esse aliquod caput (i. e. regem) placebat,
id. 1, 17, 4; cf. id. 1, 23, 4; Hor. S. 2, 5, 74 al.—Of things, head, chief, capital, etc.;
thus of cities: Thebas caput fuisse totius Graeciae,
head, first city, Nep. Epam. 10 fin.; so with gen., Liv. 9, 37, 12; 10, 37, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 23, 11, 11; 37, 18, 3 (with arx); cf.:
pro capite atque arce Italiae, urbe Romanā,
Liv. 22, 32, 5; and with dat.:
Romam caput Latio esse,
id. 8, 4, 5; and:
brevi caput Italiae omni Capuam fore,
id. 23, 10, 2 Drak. N. cr. —Of other localities:
castellum quod caput ejus regionis erat,
the head, principal place, Liv. 21, 33, 11.—Of other things:
jus nigrum, quod cenae caput erat,
the principal dish, Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98; cf. id. Fin. 2, 8, 25:
patrimonii publici,
id. Agr. 1, 7, 21; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 80; Liv. 6, 14, 10: caput esse artis, decere, the main or principal point, Cic. de Or. 1, 29, 132:
caput esse ad beate vivendum securitatem,
id. Lael. 13, 45: ad consilium de re publicā dandum caput est nosse rem publicam;
ad dicendum vero probabiliter, nosse mores civitatis,
id. de Or. 2, 82, 337; 1, 19, 87:
litterarum,
summary, purport, substance, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:
caput Epicuri,
the fundamental principle, dogma, id. Ac. 2, 32, 101; cf. Quint. 3, 11, 27: rerum, the chief or central point, head, Cic. Brut. 44, 164.—So in writings, a division, section, paragraph, chapter, etc.:
a primo capite legis usque ad extremum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 26; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 118 Ascon.; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; Gell. 2, 15, 4 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 223; id. Fam. 7, 22 med.; Quint. 10, 7, 32:
id quod caput est,
Cic. Att. 1, 17, 4; so id. Fam. 3, 7, 4.—Of money, the principal sum, the capital, stock (syn. sors;
opp. usurae),
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 11; 2, 3, 35, § 80 sq.; id. Att. 15, 26, 4; Liv. 6, 15, 10; 6, 35, 4; Hor. S. 1, 2, 14 al.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > caput
19 kaput

căpŭt ( kăp-căpud), ĭtis ( abl. sing. regularly capite:
capiti,
Cat. 68, 124; cf. Tib. 1, 1, 72 Huschk., where the MSS., as well as Caes. German. Arat. 213, vary between the two forms), n. [kindr. with Sanscr. kap-āla; Gr. keph-alê; Goth. haubith; Germ. Haupt].
I.
The head, of men and animals:
oscitat in campis caput a cervice revolsum,
Enn. Ann. 462 Vahl.: i lictor, conliga manus, caput obnubito, form. ap. Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 13; cf. Liv. 1, 26, 6:
tun' capite cano amas, homo nequissume?
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 34; so,
cano capite,
id. As. 5, 2, 84; id. Cas. 3, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 1, 72; Pers. 1, 83 al.; cf. Tib. 1, 10, 43, and:
capitis nives,
Hor. C. 4, 13, 12, and Quint. 8, 6, 17 Spald.:
raso capite calvus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 306:
irraso,
id. Rud. 5, 2, 16:
intonsum,
Quint. 12, 10, 47:
amputare alicui,
Suet. Galb. 20; Vulg. 1 Par. 10, 9:
capite operto,
Cic. Sen. 10, 34, 34:
obvoluto,
id. Phil. 2, 31, 77 Klotz:
caput aperire,
id. ib.:
abscindere cervicibus,
id. ib. 11, 2, 5:
demittere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 32; Cat. 87, 8; Verg. A. 9, 437: attollere. Ov. M. 5, 503:
extollere,
to become bold, Cic. Planc. 13, 33: efferre, to raise one ' s head, to be eminent, Verg. E. 1, 25 al.—Of animals, Tib. 2, 1, 8; Hor. S. 1, 2, 89; 2, 3, 200; id. Ep. 1, 1, 76 al.—
b.
Prov.: supra caput esse, to be over one ' s head, i. e. to be at one ' s very doors, to threaten in consequence of nearness ( = imminere, impendere), Sall. C. 52, 24; Liv. 3, 17, 2; Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. Kritz ad Sall. l. l.: capita conferre (like our phrase to put heads together, i. e to confer together in secret), Liv. 2, 45, 7:
ire praecipitem in lutum, per caputque pedesque,
over head and ears, Cat. 17, 9:
nec caput nec pedes,
neither beginning nor end, good for nothing, Cic. Fam. 7, 31, 2; cf. Cato ap. Liv. Epit. lib. 50; Plaut. As. 3, 3, 139 sq.—
c.
Capita aut navia (al. navim), heads or tails, a play of the Roman youth in which a piece of money is thrown up, to see whether the figure-side (the head of Janus) or the reverse - side (a ship) will fall uppermost, Macr. S. 1, 7; Aur. Vict. Orig. 3; cf. Ov. F. 1, 239; Paul. Nol. Poëm. 38, 73.—
d.
Poet., the head, as the seat of the understanding:
aliena negotia Per caput saliunt,
run through the head, Hor. S. 2, 6, 34; so id. ib. 2, 3, 132; id. A. P. 300.—
e.
Ad Capita bubula, a place in Rome in the tenth region, where Augustus was born, Suet. Aug. 5.—
2.
Transf., of inanimate things.
a.
In gen., the head, top, summit, point, end, extremity (beginning or end):
ulpici,
Cato, R. R. 71:
allii,
Col. 6, 34, 1:
porri,
id. 11, 3, 17:
papaveris,
Liv. 1, 54, 6; Verg. A. 9, 437:
bulborum,
Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:
caulis,
id. 19, 8, 41, § 140 al.:
jecoris (or jecinoris, jocinoris),
Cic. Div. 2, 13, 32; Liv. 8, 9, 1; cf. id. 27, 26, 14; 41, 14, 7; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 Müll.:
extorum,
Ov. M. 15, 795; Luc. 1, 627; Plin. 11, 37, 73, § 189: pontis, tēte de pont, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 4; cf. Front. Arat. 2, 13, 5:
tignorum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 9:
columnae,
Plin. 34, 3, 7, § 13:
molis,
the highest point of the mole, Curt. 4, 2, 23:
xysti,
Plin. Ep. 2, 17, 20:
porticus,
id. ib. 5, 6, 19 al.—
b.
Esp., of rivers,
(α).
The origin, source, spring ( head):
caput aquae illud est, unde aqua nascitur,
Dig. 43, 20, 1, § 8; so Lucr. 5, 270; 6, 636; 6, 729; Tib. 1, 7, 24; Hor. C. 1, 1, 22; id. S. 1, 10, 37; Verg. G. 4, 319; 4, 368; Ov. M. 2, 255; Hirt. B. G. 8, 41; Liv. 1, 51, 9; 2, 38, 1; 37, 18, 6:
fontium,
Vitr. 8, 1; Mel. 3, 2, 8; Plin. Ep. 8, 8, 5; 10, 91, 1 al.—
(β).
(more rare) The mouth, embouchure, Caes. B. G. 4, 10; Liv. 33, 41, 7; Luc. 2, 52; 3, 202.—
c.
Also of plants, sometimes the root, Cato, R. R. 36; 43; 51:
vitis,
id. ib. 33, 1; 95, 2; Plin. 17, 22, 35, § 195; Verg. G. 2, 355.—
d.
Also, in reference to the vine, vine branches, Col. 3, 10, 1; Cic. Sen. 15, 53.— Poet., also the summit, top of trees, Enn. ap. Gell. 13, 20, and ap. Non. 195, 24; Ov. M. 1, 567; Poët. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 90; Claud. Rapt. Pros. 3, 370. —
e.
Of mountains, rocks, Verg. A. 4, 249; 6, 360.—
f.
Of a boil that swells out, Cels. 8, 9;
hence, facere,
to come to a head, Plin. 22, 25, 76, § 159; 26, 12, 77, § 125; cf.: capita deorum appellabantur fasciculi facti ex verbenis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 64 Müll.—
II.
Per meton. (pars pro toto), a man, person, or animal (very freq. in prose and poetry; cf. kara, kephalê,, in the same signif.;
v. Liddell and Scott and Robinson): pro capite tuo quantum dedit,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 54; id. Pers. 1, 1, 37:
hoc conruptum'st caput,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 85:
siquidem hoc vivet caput, i. e. ego,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 33; so id. Stich. 5, 5, 10; cf. id. Capt. 5, 1, 25:
ridiculum caput!
Ter. And. 2, 2, 34:
festivum,
id. Ad. 2, 3, 8:
lepidum,
id. ib. 5, 9, 9:
carum,
Verg. A. 4, 354; Hor. C. 1, 24, 2:
liberum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 32, § 79:
vilia,
Liv. 25, 6, 9:
viliora,
id. 9, 26, 22:
vilissima,
id. 24, 5, 13:
ignota,
id. 3, 7, 7; cf. id. 2, 5, 6:
liberorum servorumque,
id. 29, 29, 3 al. —In imprecations:
istic capiti dicito,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 6, 47; cf.:
vae capiti tuo,
id. Most. 4, 3, 10; so id. Poen. 3, 3, 32; Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 6; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 4; Tib. 1, 2, 12; Verg. A. 8, 484; 11, 399 al.—With numerals:
capitum Helvetiorum milia CCLXIII.,
souls, Caes. B. G. 1, 29; 4, 15:
quot capitum vivunt, totidem studiorum Milia,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 27; id. Ep. 2, 2, 189; cf. id. C. 1, 28, 20 al.; so, in capita, in distribution, to or for each person (cf. in Heb. also, for each head, poll, = for each individual, v. Robinson in h. v.), Liv. 2, 33, 11; 32, 17, 2; 34, 50, 6 al. (cf.:
in singulos,
id. 42, 4, 5).—Of. the poll-tax:
exactio capitum,
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 5; so,
capite censi, v. censeo.—Of animals,
Verg. A. 3, 391; Col. 6, 5, 4 fin.; 8, 5, 4; 8, 5, 7; 8, 11, 13; Veg. Vet. 1, 18.—
III.
Trop.
1.
Life, and specif.,
a.
Physical life:
carum,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 33 sq.; 5, 1, 26:
si capitis res siet,
if it is a matter of life and death, id. Trin. 4, 2, 120: capitis periculum adire, to risk one ' s life, Ter. And. 4, 1, 53; id. Hec. 3, 1, 54; cf. id. Phorm. 3, 2, 6 Runnk.:
capitis poena,
capital punishment, Caes. B. G. 7, 71:
pactum pro capite pretium,
Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:
cum altero certamen honoris et dignitatis est, cum altero capitis et famae,
id. ib. 1, 12, 38:
cum dimicatione capitis,
id. Prov. Cons. 9, 23; cf.:
suo capite decernere,
id. Att. 10, 9, 2; so Liv. 2, 12, 10; Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; Liv. 9, 5, 5:
caput offerre pro patriā,
Cic. Sull. 30, 84:
patrium tibi crede caput, i. e. patris vitam et salutem,
Ov. M. 8, 94; so,
capitis accusare,
to accuse of a capital crime, Nep. Paus. 2 fin.:
absolvere,
id. Milt. 7, 6:
damnare,
id. Alcib. 4, 5; id. Eum. 5, 1:
tergo ac capite puniri,
Liv. 3, 55, 14:
caput Jovi sacrum,
id. 3, 55, 7:
sacratum,
id. 10, 38, 3 al.; cf. Ov. M. 9, 296.—
b.
Civil or political life, acc. to the Roman idea, including the rights of liberty, citizenship, [p. 290] and family (libertatis, civitatis, familiae): its loss or deprivation was called deminutio or minutio capitis, acc. to the foll. jurid. distinction: capitis deminutionis tria genera sunt: maxima, media, minima; tria enim sunt, quae habemus: libertatem, civitatem, familiam. Igitur cum omnia haec amittimus (as by servitude or condemnation to death), maximam esse capitis deminutionem; cum vero amittimus civitatem (as in the interdictio aquae et ignis) libertatem retinemus, mediam esse capitis deminutionem;
cum et libertas et civitas retinetur, familia tantum mutatur (as by adoption, or, in the case of women, by marriage) minimam esse capitis deminutionem constat,
Dig. 4, 5, 11; cf. Just. Inst. 1, 16, 4; Cic. de Or. 1, 40, 181; 1, 54, 231; id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71; Liv. 3, 55, 14; 22, 60, 15:
capitis minor,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 42:
servus manumissus capite non minuitur, quia nulnum caput habuit,
Dig. 4, 5, 3, § 1.—Of the deminutio media, Cic. Brut. 36, 136; id. Verr. 2, 2, 40, §§ 98 and 99; id. Quint. 2, 8 al.—Of the deminutio minima, Cic. Top. 4, 18; cf. Gai Inst. 1, 162.—
2.
The first or chief person or thing, the head, leader, chief, guide (very freq.).
(α).
With gen.:
scelerum,
an arrant knave, Plaut. Curc. 2, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 4, 7, 31; id. Mil. 2, 6, 14; id. Ps. 1, 5, 31; 4, 5, 3; id. Rud. 4, 4, 54:
perjuri,
id. ib. 4, 4, 55:
concitandorum Graecorum,
Cic. Fl. 18, 42:
consilil,
Liv. 8, 31, 7:
conjurationis,
id. 9, 26, 7:
caput rei Romanae Camillus,
id. 6, 3, 1; cf.:
caput rerum Masinissam fuisse,
id. 28, 35, 12; so id. 26, 40, 13:
reipublicae,
Tac. A. 1, 13:
nominis Latini,
heads, chiefs, Liv. 1, 52, 4:
belli,
id. 45, 7, 3:
Suevorum,
chieftribe, Tac. G. 39 fin. al.—The predicate in gen. masc.:
capita conjurationis ejus virgis caesi ac securi percussi,
Liv. 10, 1, 3.—
(β).
With esse and dat.:
ego caput fui argento reperiundo,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 138; cf.:
illic est huic rei caput,
author, contriver, Ter. And. 2, 6, 27; so id. Ad. 4, 2, 29 al.—
(γ).
Absol.:
urgerent philosophorum greges, jam ab illo fonte et capite Socrate,
Cic. de Or. 1, 10, 42:
corpori valido caput deerat,
guide, leader, Liv. 5, 46, 5:
esse aliquod caput (i. e. regem) placebat,
id. 1, 17, 4; cf. id. 1, 23, 4; Hor. S. 2, 5, 74 al.—Of things, head, chief, capital, etc.;
thus of cities: Thebas caput fuisse totius Graeciae,
head, first city, Nep. Epam. 10 fin.; so with gen., Liv. 9, 37, 12; 10, 37, 4 Weissenb. ad loc.; 23, 11, 11; 37, 18, 3 (with arx); cf.:
pro capite atque arce Italiae, urbe Romanā,
Liv. 22, 32, 5; and with dat.:
Romam caput Latio esse,
id. 8, 4, 5; and:
brevi caput Italiae omni Capuam fore,
id. 23, 10, 2 Drak. N. cr. —Of other localities:
castellum quod caput ejus regionis erat,
the head, principal place, Liv. 21, 33, 11.—Of other things:
jus nigrum, quod cenae caput erat,
the principal dish, Cic. Tusc. 5, 34, 98; cf. id. Fin. 2, 8, 25:
patrimonii publici,
id. Agr. 1, 7, 21; cf. id. ib. 2, 29, 80; Liv. 6, 14, 10: caput esse artis, decere, the main or principal point, Cic. de Or. 1, 29, 132:
caput esse ad beate vivendum securitatem,
id. Lael. 13, 45: ad consilium de re publicā dandum caput est nosse rem publicam;
ad dicendum vero probabiliter, nosse mores civitatis,
id. de Or. 2, 82, 337; 1, 19, 87:
litterarum,
summary, purport, substance, id. Phil. 2, 31, 77:
caput Epicuri,
the fundamental principle, dogma, id. Ac. 2, 32, 101; cf. Quint. 3, 11, 27: rerum, the chief or central point, head, Cic. Brut. 44, 164.—So in writings, a division, section, paragraph, chapter, etc.:
a primo capite legis usque ad extremum,
Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 15; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 26; id. Verr. 2, 1, 46, § 118 Ascon.; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4; Gell. 2, 15, 4 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 223; id. Fam. 7, 22 med.; Quint. 10, 7, 32:
id quod caput est,
Cic. Att. 1, 17, 4; so id. Fam. 3, 7, 4.—Of money, the principal sum, the capital, stock (syn. sors;
opp. usurae),
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 11; 2, 3, 35, § 80 sq.; id. Att. 15, 26, 4; Liv. 6, 15, 10; 6, 35, 4; Hor. S. 1, 2, 14 al.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > kaput
20 et

ĕt, conj. [Sanscr. ati, beyond; Gr. eti, besides, yet; Lat. et-iam, at-avus], serves to connect, in the most general manner, single words or entire sentences, and.
I.
In gen.: qui illius impudentiam norat et duritudinem, Cato ap. Gell. 17, 2, 20: te sale nata precor, Venus et genetrix patris nostri, Enn. ap. Non. 378, 16 (Ann. v. 53 ed. Vahlen): blande et docte percontat, Naev. ap. Non. 474, 7:
ut, quoad possem et liceret, a senis latere numquam discederem,
Cic. Lael. 1, 1:
de quo praeclare et multa praecipiuntur,
id. Or. 21, 70:
qui filium consularem clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis amisit,
id. Fam. 4, 6; cf.:
major (frater) et qui prius imperitarat,
Liv. 21, 31:
haec pueris et mulierculis et servis et servorum simillimis liberis esse grata,
Cic. Off. 2, 16, 57 et saep.:
salicta locis aquosis, humectis, umbrosis, propter amnes ibi seri oportet. Et id videto, uti, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 9:
optime vero, frater: et fleri sic decet,
Cic. Leg. 2, 3 fin.:
qua de re est igitur inter summos viros major dissensio? Et omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur,
id. Ac. 2, 42 et saep.
II.
In partic.
A.
To subjoin a word or phrase which more accurately defines or more briefly comprehends what goes before, and indeed, and moreover, and that too:
te enim jam appello, et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis,
Cic. Mil. 25, 67:
at laudat, et saepe, virtutem,
id. Tusc. 3, 20, 48; cf.:
id, et facile, effici posse,
Nep. Milt. 3, 4:
errabas, Verres, et vehementer errabas,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121;
so with a repetition of the same word: hostis et hostis,
id. ib. 2, 2, 21, §
51: tenetur, judices, et manifeste tenetur,
id. ib. 2, 3, 65, § 152; id. Cat. 3, 10; id. Deiot. 3; id. Mil. 23, 61 al.; Liv. 26, 13; Sen. de Clem. 15 et saep.:
haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus,
Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 32:
nulla enim nobis societas cum tyrannis, et potius summa distractio est,
id. Off. 3, 6, 32; cf.: cur eo non estis contenti? et cur id potius contenditis, quod? [p. 661] etc., id. Ac. 2, 17, 74:
si te ipse et tuas cogitationes et studia perspexeris,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 69:
omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur, et Herillum, qui in cognitione et scientia summum bonum ponit,
id. Ac. 2, 42:
Romani, quibus Poeni et Hannibal in cervicibus erat,
Just. 29, 3, 7:
studiose ab his siderum magnitudines, intervalla, cursus anquirebantur et cuncta caelestia,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 4, 10:
valde a Xenocrate et Aristotele et ab illa Platonis familia discreparet,
id. Leg. 1, 21, 55 et saep.:
et appetendi et refugiendi et omnino rerum gerendarum initia proficiscuntur aut a voluptate aut a dolore,
Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 42. —
B.
To connect things similar or dissimilar after the words aeque, par, idem, similis, alius, etc. (more commonly atque, v. atque, I. 2.), as, than, and:
nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,
Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67, v. aeque:
omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et in Coriolano,
Cic. Brut. 11, 43; cf.:
nunc tu mihi es germanus pariter corpore et animo,
Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 34:
Clodius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae,
Cic. Mil. 17 fin.; cf. Sall. C. 58, 11:
haec eodem tempore Caesari referebantur, et legati veniebant, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 37, 1:
similem sibi videri vitam hominum et mercatum eum, qui, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 9; cf.:
neu simili forma et quom, etc.,
Lucr. 2, 416 and 420:
nec ratione alia, et cum,
id. 1, 280:
non enim alia causa est aequitatis in uno servo et in pluribus,
than, Cic. Caecin. 20, 57; id. Off. 2, 18; id. de Or. 3, 18, 66; id. Cael. 28 fin.; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 3:
aliter doctos (loqui) et indoctos?
Cic. Fin. 5, 29 fin. —
C.
To connect two immediately successive points of time (only in poets and historians, esp. since the Aug. per.; cf. atque, II. C.), often to be rendered in English by when, and then: advenit, et navibu' complevit litora, Poeta ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31 fin.:
dixit, et extemplo... sensit medios delapsus in hostes,
Verg. A. 2, 376:
dixit (dixerat), et,
id. ib. 1, 402; 2, 705; 3, 258; Val. Fl. 1, 569; Stat. Th. 2, 120 al.; cf.:
nec plura effatus et,
Verg. A. 8, 443:
sic fatus et,
Stat. Th. 12, 773:
nec longum tempus et ingens exiit arbos,
Verg. G. 2, 80; cf. Stat. Th. 7, 300; Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8; Tac. H. 2, 95:
vix prima inceperat aestas, Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat,
Verg. A. 3, 9; so,
vix... et,
id. ib. 5, 858; 6, 498; Stat. Th. 2, 293; cf.:
vixdum... et,
Liv. 43, 4, 10; cf.
also: simul haec effatur, et, etc.,
Luc. 6, 246.—
D.
After an imperative, to subjoin the consequence of an action ( poet. and in postAug. prose), and then:
dic quibus in terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo,
Verg. E. 3, 104; Ov. Am. 2, 14, 44; Phaedr. 3, 5, 7; Luc. 4, 487; 2, 515; Sen. de Clem. 1, 16; Plin. Pan. 43, 3; 45, 6: sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus;
et mihi vivam Quod superest aevi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 107.—
E.
To subjoin the minor proposition (assumptio or propositio minor) in a syllogism, now, but (cf. atque, II.):
eorum, qui videntur, alia vera sunt, alia falsa: et quod falsum, id percipi non potest: nullum igitur est, etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 13, 40; id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9; 5, 17; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33 al.—
F.
With an accessory affirmative notion, and in fact, and indeed, and truly, and so:
multa me sollicitant... et sexcenta sunt, Cic. Att! 2, 19: et sunt illa sapientis,
id. Tusc. 3, 8 fin.; id. Leg. 2, 3, 7:
et erat, ut retuli, clementior,
Tac. A. 2, 57: jam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat;
Et faciet, quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra,
Verg. E. 2, 44 et saep.:
estne ille noster Parmeno? et certe ipsus est,
Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 4;
with certe,
id. Ad. 1, 1, 53;
with hercle,
Cic. Brut. 72; id. Fin. 2, 8; id. Fam. 2, 18, 2.—
G.
To subjoin an emphatic question or exclamation:
et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia?
Cic. Mil. 33, 91; id. Sest. 39, 80; id. Clu. 40, 111; id. Phil. 1, 8 et saep.; Verg. G. 2, 433; id. A. 1, 48; Ov. M. 13, 338 al.:
et his tot criminibus testimoniisque convictus in eorum tabella spem sibi aliquam proponit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16 fin.; id. Mil. 12 fin.; Plin. Pan. 28, 6; Flor. 4, 2, 89.—Esp. with quisquam:
et quisquam dubitabit quin, etc.,
Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 42 Matthiae; Ov. Am. 3, 8, 1 al.—
H.
To connect an idea as either homogeneous or complementary to that which precedes, and so too, and also, and moreover, and at the same time; too, also, likewise (hence, often in Liv., Curt., and late Lat., rarely in Cic., = etiam; cf. Anton. Stud. pp. 26-69;
Krebs, Antibarb. p. 420): Terentia te maxime diligit salutemque tibi plurimam ascribit, et Tulliola, deliciae nostrae,
Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.: Ge. Salvus sis. Di. Et tu salve, Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 44; id. Trin. 1, 2, 11; id. Mil. 4, 8, 42; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 122;
for which: salve et tu,
Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 42; v. the foll.:
haec ipsa mihi sunt voluptati: et erant illa Torquatis,
Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:
ubi tunc eras? Romae. Verum quid ad rem? et alii multi,
id. Rosc. Am. 33, 92; cf.
ib. § 94: et illud videndum quanto magis homines mala fugiant,
id. Part. 26:
et mihi sunt vires, et mihi facta tuba'st!
Tib. 2, 6, 10; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 83:
nihil verius. Probe et ille,
Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73; so,
et ille,
id. ib. 3, 13 fin.:
et ipse,
id. Caecin. 20 fin.; so id. de Or. 1, 46, 202; Liv. 1, 12; 6, 3; 41, 24 et saep.; cf.:
simul et ille,
Cic. Clu. 4, 10; 17, 48; 57, 155; id. Verr. 2, 5, 1:
simul et iste,
id. ib. 2, 1, 41; Sall. J. 20, 1 et saep.:
et nunc ego amore pereo,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 14; so,
et nunc,
id. Curc. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40; id. Fam. 13, 54, 2; Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.;
for which: nunc et,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 11; cf.:
nonnumquam et,
Caes. B. G. 1, 15, 3:
sunt et,
Cic. Top. 6; Verg. A. 9, 136:
meruit et,
Suet. Caes. 3 et saep.:
quoniam formam cepi hujus in me et statum, Decet et facta moresque hujus habere me similes item,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 111:
nam et qui parat pecus, necesse est constituat numerum, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 24: so,
nam et,
Cic. Leg. 1, 11; 2, 25, 63; id. de Or. 1, 25; id. Off. 1, 40, 142; Liv. 6, 19 al.; cf.:
at et,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 3:
sed et,
id. Att. 5, 10 fin.; Quint. 10, 1, 107;
and with a preceding non modo or non solum (post-Aug.),
Tac. G. 15, 35; id. A. 14, 39; Suet. Aug. 89 et saep.; cf.:
et... non = ne... quidem, ego vero et in ipsa suffocatione non desii, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 54, 3:
ergo et,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27; id. Leg. 1, 12, 33; id. Div. 1, 50, 114:
itaque et,
id. Tusc. 3, 26, 63 et saep.—
I.
When repeated, et... et, it serves, like the Gr. kai... kai or te kai, to connect two ideas partitively, both... and, as well... as, not only... but also:
hoc etiam ad malum accersebatur malum, Et discipulus et magister perhibebantur improbi,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 23; 4, 8, 45:
et audax et malus,
id. ib. 4, 9, 25:
eloquere utrumque nobis, et quid tibi est, et quid velis nostram operam,
id. Cist. 1, 1, 59:
ut et severitas adhibeatur et contumelia repellatur,
Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:
dimitto (puerum), et ut a magistris ne abducam et quod mater discedit,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin.:
non et legatum argentum est et non est legata numerata pecunia,
id. Top. 13 et saep. More than twice:
quo facilius et hujus hominis innocentissimi miserias et illorum audaciam cognoscere possitis et rei publicae calamitatem,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 5 fin.;
so three times,
id. Att. 12, 4, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin. et saep.;
six times,
Cic. Fam. 13, 25;
ten times,
id. de Or. 1, 20, 90.—With a subordinate que or atque:
nam et semper me coluit diligentissimeque observavit et a studiis nostris non abhorret,
Cic. Fam. 13, 22;
with atque,
id. de Or. 1, 21, 95.—Et... que are sometimes used for et... et (rarely in Cic.;
freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): quis est quin intellegat et eos inmemores fuisse, nosque honestate duci?
Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; id. Brut. 88, 302:
id et singulis universisque semper honori fuisse,
Liv. 4, 2; 5, 46 fin.; 24, 2 fin.; 32, 32 fin.; Tac. Agr. 2 fin.; Suet. Ner. 33 al.—Sometimes the second et subjoins a more weighty assertion; in which case et... et = cum... tum, not only... but also:
homo et in aliis causis exercitatus et in hac multum et saepe versatus,
Cic. Quint. 1, 3; id. Fat. 1, 2; id. de Or. 1, 9, 38; id. Off. 2, 11, 38.—
2.
Et... neque or neque... et, when one clause is a negative (but et... et non, et non... et, when only one word is negatived):
ego vero et exspectabo ea quae polliceris neque exigam, nisi tuo commodo,
Cic. Brut. 4 fin.:
ego si et Silius is fuerit, quem tu putas nec Drusus facilem se praebuerit, Damasippum velim aggrediare,
id. Att. 12, 33:
cui quidem ita sunt Stoici assensi, ut et, quicquid honestum esset, id utile esse censerent, nec utile quicquam, quod non honestum,
id. Off. 3, 3, 11: pueris nobis Cn. Aufidius praetorius et in senatu sententiam dicebat nec amicis deliberantibus deerat et Graecam scribebat historiam et videbat in litteris, id. Tusc. 5, 38 fin.:
quia et consul aberat... nec, etc.,
Liv. 22, 8 et saep.:
nec miror et gaudeo,
Cic. Fam. 10, 1 fin.:
nam nec in eo jus cognationis servavit, cui ademit regnum, et eum, cui dedit, etc.,
Just. 8, 6 fin.:
id et nobis erit perjucundum et tibi non sane devium,
Cic. Att. 2, 4 fin.:
locus is melior, quem et non coquit sol et tangit ros,
Varr. R. R. 3, 14.—
Rarely neque... et = non quidem... sed: amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit,
Suet. Aug. 66.—
K.
Less freq., tum... et, et... tum, in the same sense:
omnis ejus oratio tum in virtute laudanda et in hominibus ad virtutis studium cohortandis consumebatur,
Cic. Ac. 1, 4, 16:
et in ceteris eloquentiae partibus, tum maxime in celeritate et continuatione verborum adhaerescens, etc.,
id. Brut. 93, 320. See Hand Turs. II. pp. 467-540.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > et

См. также в других словарях:

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idea — s. f. 1. (filos.) archetipo, forma universale □ modello primo, mente divina, Dio □ ideale □ essenza, proprietà 2. (della realtà, del bene, ecc.) nozione, concetto, concezione, cognizione, conoscenza, pensiero, percezione, rappresentazione,… … Sinonimi e Contrari. Terza edizione
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nozione — /no tsjone/ s.f. [dal lat. notio onis, der. di noscĕre conoscere ]. 1. [percezione esatta di qualcosa: possedere la n. esatta dei propri doveri ] ▶◀ cognizione, consapevolezza, (lett.) contezza, coscienza. ◀▶ ignoranza, inconsapevolezza,… … Enciclopedia Italiana
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non ne ho la minima idea

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non ne ho la minima idea

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